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MBBS IASM > IASM 56 57 58 59 60: Bacteria > Flashcards

IASM 56 57 58 59 60: Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are prokaryotes, which are eukaryotes?

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminth

A

Prokaryotes:
Bacteria

Eukaryotes:
Fungi
Protozoa, Helminth (Parasites)

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2
Q

There is fimbriae and pili attached to the capsule of the bacteria. What are they used for?

A

Attachment

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3
Q

There is flagella attached to the capsule of bacteria. What is it used for?

A

Movement

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4
Q

Peptidoglycan is made up of which 2 molecules

A

NAM

NAG

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5
Q

G+ and G- bacteria structure: Please compare

  • Thickness of peptidoglycan wall
  • Presence of outer membrane
  • Presence Teichoic Acid
A
  • Thickness of peptidoglycan wall: G+ > G-
  • Presence of outer membrane: Only in G-
  • Presence Teichoic Acid: Only in G+
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6
Q

There is an outer membrane in G- bacteria, which is absent on G+ bacteria.

What is the outer membrane made of? What is its purpose?

A

Made of lipopolysaccharide

Reduces permeability to antibiotics

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7
Q

Infection by which type (G+ or G- bacteria) has strong immune response?

A

G-

Has outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides, reduces permeability to antibiotics, trigger stronger immune responses.

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8
Q

For Gram stain to show bacteria
Colour of G+ bacteria?
Colour of G- bacteria?

A

G+: Violet

G-: Red or pink

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9
Q

What are the 4 steps in applying the Gram Stain

  1. Add _______- Stains both G+ and G- bacteria when peptidoglycan takes it up
  2. Add ______- Stabilize ________ in the ________ layer
  3. Add _______- _________________
  4. Add _______- _____ (colour) stain to visualize ____ (G+ or G-) bacteria
A

What are the 4 steps in applying the Gram Stain

  1. Add Crystal Violet- Stains both G+ and G- bacteria when peptidoglycan takes up the crystal violet
  2. Add Iodine- Stabilize Crystal Violet in the peptidoglycan layer
  3. Add Alcohol- Washes away crystal violet
  4. Add Safarin- Red stain to visualize G- bacteria
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10
Q

Why will G+ bacteria be stained purple, but not G- bacteria?

A

Much thicker peptidoglycan layer in G+ bacteria.

Alcohol washes off the crystal violet in G- bacteria, which has much thinner peptidoglycan layer, but not in G+ bacteria

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11
Q

Acid-fast bacilli.
It has a thick layer of __________ on the surface.
Name 1 example, and is it G+ or G-.

A

It has a thick layer of mycolic acid on the surface.

Name 1 example: Mycobacterium (G+)

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12
Q

Bacterial Spores.
Name 2 examples, and are they G+ or G-.
Name 1 feature of this type of bacteria.

A

Bacterial Spores.
Name 2 examples, and are they G+ or G-: Bacillus, Clostridium (Both G+)
Name 1 feature of this type of bacteria: high resistant and metabolically inert

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13
Q

Acid-fast bacilli can be stained by which type of stain?
What is the colour of Acid-fast bacilli?
What is the colour of Non-acid fast bacilli?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
Acid-fast: Red
Non Acid-fast: Dark Blue

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14
Q

Procedures of applying Ziehl-Neelsen Staining

  1. Apply ______ stain (____ colour)
  2. ______ the bacteria (why?)
  3. Add _______ (purpose?)
  4. Apply _______ (purpose?)
A

Procedures of applying Ziehl-Neelsen Staining

  1. Apply carbolfuchsin stain (Red colour)
  2. Heat the bacteria (Increase the penetration of carbolfuchsin to the bacteria, originally it is too thick)
  3. Add acid alcohol (Decolourize the non acid-fast bacilli)
  4. Apply Methylene Blue (Stain the decolourized non-acid fast bacteria)
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15
Q

Name 2 bacteria without cell wall?

Will they be stained? Why?

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

Not stained- No cell wall, won’t take up any gram stain

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16
Q

Describe the following terms in terms of high/low and gas

  • Strictly aerobic
  • Strictly anaerobic
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • Microaerophilic
A
  • Strictly aerobic: High oxygen
  • Strictly anaerobic: Low Oxygen
  • Facultatively anaerobic: High oxygen or low oxygen
  • Microaerophilic: Low Oxygen, High Nitrogen, High Carbon Dioxide
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17
Q

Name Examples of the Following

Gram Positive, Cocci in Clusters, A or FA (1)

A

Gram Positive, Cocci in Clusters, A or FA (1)

Staphylococcus

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18
Q

Name Examples of the Following
Gram Positive, Cocci in Chains, A or FA (2)
Gram Positive, Cocci in Chains, AN (1)

A

Gram Positive, Cocci in Chains, A or FA (2)
Streptococcus, Enterococcus
Gram Positive, Cocci in Chains, AN (1)
Peptostreptococcus

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19
Q

Name Examples of the Following
Gram Positive, Bacilli, A or FA (6)
Gram Positive, Bacilli, AN (2)

A

Gram Positive, Bacilli, A or FA (6)
Bacillus (spore), Listeria, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Nocardia, Mycobacterium (acid-fast)

Gram Positive, Bacilli, AN (2)
Clostridium (spore), Bifidobacterium

20
Q

Name Examples of the Following
Gram Negative, Cocci, A (2)
Gram Negative, Cocci, AN (1)

A

Gram Negative, Cocci, A (2)
Neisseria, Moraxella

Gram Negative, Cocci, AN (1)
Veillonella

21
Q

Name Examples of the Following

Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, A (4)

A

Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, A (4)

Acinetobacter, Haemophilus, Brucella, Bordetella

22
Q

Name Examples of the Following
Gram Negative, Bacilli, A (2)
Gram Negative, Bacilli, A/FA (1)
Gram Negative, Bacilli, AN (2)

A

Gram Negative, Bacilli, A (2)
Pseudomonas, Burkholderia

Gram Negative, Bacilli, A/FA (1)
Enterobacteriaceae

Gram Negative, Bacilli, AN (2)
Bacteroides, Prevotella

23
Q

Name Examples of the Following
Gram Negative, Curved Bacilli, A/FA (2)
Gram Negative, Curved Bacilli, MA (2)

A

Gram Negative, Curved Bacilli, A/FA (2)
Vibrio, Aeromonas

Gram Negative, Curved Bacilli, MA (2)
Campylobacter, Helicobacter

(Riding a helicopter to camping…)

24
Q

Name Examples of the Following

Gram Negative, Spirochaetes (3)

A

Gram Negative, Spirochaetes (3)

Leptospira, Borrelia, Treponema

25
Q

What is the function of Normal Flora in the Human Body

Name 2

A
  1. Formation of Vitamin K

2. Prevents colonization and invasion by pathogenic organisms

26
Q

Name 2 Organisms that are not considered to be Colonizers (= If found, already equivalent to infection)

A

Name 4 Organisms that are not considered to be Colonizers (= If found, already equivalent to infection)

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Shigella
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Yersinia Pestis
27
Q

What is a Bacteriophage

A

A virus that will infect bacteria

28
Q

What is the difference between infectivity and Pathogenicity

A

Infectivity: How well a pathogen can infect another person
Pathogenicity: How easy the bacteria that comes to you can cause a disease

29
Q

Some Toxins are listed here, What bacteria is causing these?

  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Cholera
  • Bacillary dysentery
A
  • Diphtheria: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Tetanus: Clostridium tetani
  • Cholera: Vibrio cholerae
  • Bacillary dysentery: Shigella
30
Q

Name 3 special features of S. aureus

  • Salt
  • Coagulase
  • Catalase
  • Protein A
  • Enzymes
A

Name 3 special features of S. aureus

  • Salt: When you put in Mannitol Salt Agar, only S. aureus can survive
  • Coagulase: Coagulase positive
  • Catalase: Catalase positive
  • Protein A on capsule surface
  • Enzymes: Hyaluronidase, lipase, protease, DNase
31
Q

What does the following features of S. aureus makes it good?

  1. Coagulase positive
  2. Catalase positive
  3. Protein A on capsule surface
  4. Hyaluronidase
A
  1. Coagulase positive- Prevent killing by WBCs (Coagulase converts fibrinogen to fibrin)
  2. Catalase positive- Prevent killing by H2O2
  3. Protein A on capsule surface- Reacts with Fc on IgG to make antibodies useless
  4. Hyaluronidase- Breaks down hyaluornic acid
32
Q

Which of the types of Staphylococcus is Coagulase Positive, and which of the types are Coagulase Negative?

A

Positive: Staphylococcus aureus
Negative: Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus saprophyticus

33
Q 
There are few toxins in S. aureus.
What will they cause?
- Epidermolytic toxins will cause ...
- Enterotoxins will cause ...
- Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin will cause ...
A
  • Epidermolytic toxins will cause scalded skin syndrome
  • Enterotoxins will cause food poisoning
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome
34
Q

Name 3 antibiotics used to target S. aureus

A

Penicillin
Methicillin
Vancomycin

35
Q

Name some diseases that S. aureus will cause

A 
Folliculitis => Furuncle => Carbuncle
Would infection (e.g. Osteomyelitis)
Infective endocarditis
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
36
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is ______ positive

It also has a layer of _____

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is cytochrome oxidase positive

It also has a layer of lipo-oligosaccharide

37
Q

A layer of capsule is present in ________ but not in ________.

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Present in Neisseria meningitidis

Absent in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

38
Q

What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoae cause
What is its medium of transmission
How to prevent the spread

A

Gonorrhea
Sexual or mucosal contact
Wear condoms during sexual activities

39
Q

What clinical diseases will neisseria gonorrheae cause?

Name 2

A

Urethritis- Inflammation of urethra
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum- Eyes infected of infants
Endocervictitis- Cervix inflammation
Proctitis- Rectum inflammation

40
Q

Consider Enterobacteriaceae

  • Is it gram positive or gram negative? What shape?
  • A/ AN/ FA/ MA?
  • Ferments ______
  • Oxidase ______ (Positive or negative)?
  • Usually commensals in ________ (organ) of humans or animals
A

Consider Enterobacteriaceae

  • Is it gram positive or gram negative? Gram negative bacilli
  • FA
  • Ferments glucose
  • Oxidase negative
  • Usually commensals in large intestine (organ) of humans or animals
41
Q

Name 4 types of enterobacteriaceae

A

Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella

42
Q

Consider Vibrio

  • Is is gram positive or gram negative? What shape?
  • Oxidase (Positive or negative)?
  • Widely distributed in ________
  • Motility?
A

Consider Vibrio

  • Is is gram positive or gram negative? What shape?: Gram negative bacilli
  • Oxidase positive
  • Widely distributed in sea water/ natural water
  • Motility- Actively motile
43
Q

Which bacteria has a green pigment and a fruity smella

A

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

44
Q

Which type of Haemophilus influenzae has vaccines against it

45
Q

Which bacteria causes leptospirosis

A

leptospira interrogans

46
Q

Which bacteria causes syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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