IASM 74: Drug Administration and Dosage

Question 1

Injection routes, Name all 3
1.
2.
3.

Answer 1

Injection routes, Name all 3

1. Subcutaneous (SC)- Inject to loose connective and adipose tissues immediately under skin
2. Intravenous (IV)- Inject to veins
3. Intramuscular (IM)- Inject into a relaxed muscle

Question 2

Injection dosages must be ________

Answer 2

Sterile

Question 3

There are 2 types of Intravenous Administration of Drugs- Injection and Infusion. In infusion, the volume of fluid is administered at slow rate, so drug enters the body at a constant rate.

What are advantages of IV injection
Try to name 2

What is the disadvantage for IV injection
Try to name 1
(cannot administer ___________ emulsion…)

Answer 3

Advantage:
100% bioavailability (No first-pass effect)
Can administer to unconscious patient

Disadvantage:
Cannot administer water in oil emulsion, as viscosity is too high, Can only administer oil in water emulsion

Question 4

What are the disadvantages for subcutaneous injections

Try to name 2

Answer 4

• Slow absorption (Need pass epithelial cells, basement membranes and capillary wall)
• Cause lipohypertrophy or lipoatrophy

Question 5

What are the disadvantages and advantages for intramuscular injection?

Name an example where IM injection can be done

Answer 5

Advantage: Faster onset of action (closer to blood vessels)
Disadvantage: Need trained personnel

Deltoid muscle of Shoulder- Most rapid absorption as it contains more blood vessels

Question 6

There are intradermal injections- Injection into skin between epidermis and dermis. What is it usually for?

Answer 6

A diagnostic test for allergy or immunity

Question 7

Implant is a solid dosage inserted under the skin by a small surgical incision. What is the requirement of an implant?

Answer 7

It must be sterile

Question 8

What are the advantage of taking oral drugs?
Name 1-2

What are disadvantages of oral route?
Name 2

Answer 8

Advantage:
Self-administration so its simple
No need to sterilize so its cheap

Disadvantage:
First pass effect
Drugs might be destroyed by enzymes in GI tract
Slow

Question 9

For oral drugs, there can be 2 types.
Solid and liquid.
What is the advantage of solid over liquid?
What is the advantage of liquid over solid?

Answer 9

Solid over liquid:
More chemically stable, Accurate dosage

Liquid over solid:
More readily to be absorbed by GI tract, as its ‘dissolved’ already

Question 10

What is the precaution for sustained-release tablets

Answer 10

Should not chew the tablets

They are surrounded by polymer which retard the release of drugs, they are released at different time points

Question 11

Drugs absorbed through the buccal route
The buccal cavity and tongue is highly ________ so it facilitates drug absorption.

Name an example of drug that is absorbed through the buccal route

Answer 11

Highly vascular

Example: Lozenge to treat sore throat

Question 12

Drugs absorbed through the buccal route.
Name 1 advantage
Name 1 disadvantage

Answer 12

Advantage: No first pass effect
Disadvantage: Inconvenient (Holding it in mouth)

Question 13

Which type of topical route stuff cannot be washed away even after showering/ heavy sweat?

Answer 13

Ointments

Question 14

Drugs administered through topical route
Name 1 advantage
Name 1 disadvantage

Answer 14

Advantage: Avoids first pass effect
Disadvantage: Skin permeability is usually inadequate

Question 15

Advantages of utilizing inhalation route

name 2

Answer 15

1. Dose required is much smaller than oral route

2. Rapid absorption

Question 16

When applying eye drops, what is the process
Need to close the eye for ___________ minutes
Press the ________ gently to avoid the product going into it, otherwise __________ may occur

Answer 16

When applying eye drops, what is the process
Need to close the eye for 2-3 minutes
Press the tear duct gently to avoid the product going into it, otherwise crystallization may occur

Question 17

When applying ear drops
In adults, how should the ear be held
In children, how should the ear be held

Answer 17

Adult: Up and back
Children: Down and back

大人 高高在上 = > Up and back

Question 18

Eye products and ear drops can only produce ________ effects only (local/systemic)

Answer 18

Eye products and ear drops can only produce local effects only (local/systemic)

Question 19

For oral route, there can be local effects and also systemic effect, name 1 example for each

Answer 19

Local: Antacid to treat stomach problems
Systemic: Absorbed in GI tract then delivered to site of action

Question 20

For buccal route, there can be local effects and also systemic effect, name 1 example for each

Answer 20

Local: Lozenge for sore throat
Systemic: Nitroglycerine for angina

Question 21

For rectal route, there can be local effects and also systemic effect, name 1 example for each

Answer 21

Local: Treat constipation
Systemic: Diazepam to treat epilepsy

Question 22

For inhalation route, there can be local effects and also systemic effect, name 1 example for each

Answer 22

Local: Bronchodilators for asthma
Systemic: General anesthesia