IASM 54 56 66: Communicable Diseases, Outbreak, Healthcare in HK, Health Flashcards
What are Communicable Diseases
Can be spread directly or indirectly, from person to person or from other species to human
Caused by pathogenic microorganisms
Name the 4 steps of Koch’s Postulates
Microorganisms or other pathogen must be present in all cases of disease
Pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
Pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
Pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
What are the limitations for Koch’s Postulates
There are asymptomatic infections
Not all microbes can be isolated or cultured
Not all microbes can be experimentally inoculated in suitable animal models to reproduce the infection
Single cell fungi are called _______.
Multicellular fungi are called ________.
Single cell fungi are called yeast.
Multicellular fungi are called moulds.
Single cell parasites are called ______.
Multicellular parasites are called _______.
Single cell parasites are called protozoa.
Multicellular parasites are called helminth.
Modes for pathogens to transmit
5 ways
Direct Contact- Kissing/ Sexual Intercourse Droplet- Large aerosols Airborne- Fine dust or droplet nuclei Vehicle- Food/ water/ blood/ formites Vector-borne- Mosquitoes/ fleas/ ticks
What is public health surveillance
The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data
regarding health-related event for use in public health action
to reduce morbidity and mortality
What is passive surveillance
What is active surveillance
Passive: Disease reported by health care providers
Active: Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports
(The action ‘centre’ is the Central Health Department)
Passive surveillance is Disease reported by health care providers
Active Surveillance is Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports
Name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage for each of the above methods respectively
Passive
Good: Simple and inexpensive
Bad: Incomplete reporting
Active
Good: More complete reporting
Bad: Resource intensive
What are Statutory Notifiable Diseases
medical practitioners are required by law to notify Director of Health of any suspected or confirmed cases of notifiable infectious disease
Name all of the below
Situation when diseases or health events occur at a greater frequency than normally expected
occurrence in a community or region, specific health-related behavior or events
occurring worldwide or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people
The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group
Outbreak
Epidemic
Pandemic
Endemic
Basic Reproductive Number: R0
Outbreak will continue if R0 ___ 1 and stop when R0 ___ 1.
Outbreak will continue if R0 > 1 and stop when R0 < 1.
How to calculate the herd immunity threshold
(R0-1)/R0
Case Definition needs to include ______ but must not include ________ or __________
Include clinical criteria
Must not include exposure or risk factor
Hong Kong spend most money on ____ care (lowest percentage of people benefiting), rather than _____ care (more people benefitting)
Hong Kong spend most money on curative care (lowest percentage of people benefiting), rather than preventive care (more people benefitting)
