IASM 49 50 51: Neoplasia and Cell Injury

Question 1

What is neoplasia

Answer 1

Abnormal mass of tissue
Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues
Persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli that evoked the change

Question 2

Compare Hyperplasia and Neoplasia

• Coordinated?
• Reversible?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia VS Neoplasia

• Coordinated VS Uncoordinated
• Reversible VS Irreversible

Question 3

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia

• Mode of growth
• Gross appearance
• Rate of growth
• Growth with relation to the basement membrane

Answer 3

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia

• Mode of growth: Expansive VS Infiltrative
• Gross appearance: Circumscribed VS Poorly defined margins
• Rate of growth: Slow VS Fast
• Growth limited by basement membrane VS Invasion beyond the basement membrane

Question 4

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia in terms of appearance

• Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio
• Staining of nuclei
• Cellular Pleomorphism
• Mitosis
• Polarity
• Differentiated

Answer 4

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia in terms of appearance

• Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio: Low VS High
• Staining of nuclei: Normal VS Hyperchromatic
• Cellular Pleomorphism: No VS Yes
• Mitosis: Absence VS Abnormal
• Polarity: Maintained VS Lost
• Differentiated: Well differentiated VS Varying degree of differentiation

Question 5

Compare Benign and Malignant tumours

• Metastasis
• Outcome

Answer 5

Compare Benign and Malignant tumours

• Metastasis: Absent VS Present
• Outcome: Not fatal VS Fatal

Question 6

Cells growing towards which direction?

• Papilloma
• Adenoma

Answer 6

Cells growing towards which direction?

• Papilloma: Growing Outwards
• Adenoma: Growing Inwards

Question 7

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Epithelium
Malignant Neoplasia of Epithelium

Answer 7

Papilloma

Carcinoma

Question 8

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Secretory Glands
Malignant Neoplasia of Secretory Glands

Answer 8

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

Question 9

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Fibrous Tissue
Malignant Neoplasia of Fibrous Tissue

Answer 9

Fibroma

Fibrosacroma

Question 10

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Fat
Malignant Neoplasia of Fat

Answer 10

Lipoma

Liposacroma

Question 11

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Bone
Malignant Neoplasia of Bone

Answer 11

Osteoma

Osteosacroma

Question 12

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Cartilage
Malignant Neoplasia of Cartilage

Answer 12

Chondroma

Chondrosacroma

Question 13

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Smooth Muscle
Malignant Neoplasia of Smooth Muscle

Answer 13

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosacroma

Question 14

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Stratified Muscle
Malignant Neoplasia of Stratified Muscle

Answer 14

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosacroma

Question 15

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Blood Vessels
Malignant Neoplasia of Blood Vessels

Answer 15

Haemangioma

Angiosacroma

Question 16

Dysplasia has cellular changes similar to malignant cells. But there is no evidence of __________, different from carcinoma

Answer 16

No evidence of invasion beyond basement membrane

Question 17

When late adenoma becomes adenocarcinoma, there is loss of _______ gene on chromosome _____

Answer 17

When late adenoma becomes adenocarcinoma, there is loss of p53 gene on chromosome 17p

Question 18

When there is malignant neoplasia, the cells secrete __________ to __________

Answer 18

When there is malignant neoplasia, the cells secrete collagenases to digest the basement membrane

Question 19

A lot of the malignant neoplasia cells will survive and undergo metastasis

True or False

Answer 19

False

In fact, less than 1%

Question 20

When the malignant cells colonize in new areas, it requires the generation of ________, called _________

Answer 20

When the malignant cells colonize in new areas, it requires the generation of blood vessels, called angiogenesis

Question 21

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread
- Pagetoid Spread
- Perineural Spread

Answer 21

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- Pagetoid Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- Perineural Spread- Along neurones

Question 22

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Along neurones

Answer 22

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- Pagetoid Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- Perineural Spread- Along neurones

Question 23

Genes:
______ stimulate growth of cells
______ suppress the growth of cells

Answer 23

Oncogenes stimulate growth of cells

Tumour Suppressor Genes suppress the growth of cells

Question 24

What are the most common types of tumours

• In Adults
• In Children

Answer 24

What are the most common types of tumours

• In Adults: Carcinoma
• In Children: Lymphoma, Leukaemia, CNS Tumours

Question 25

Two Hit Theory (Just read jau ok) - Normally, it is very low chance for both copies of the healthy alleles to be both mutated and cause cancer - But, if there is 1 copy of the allele being defective, there is much higher chance for developing cancer, as it only needs 1 hit of mutation - For carriers, it develops a lot of adenomas, to become a carcinoma, you need an extra hit - But if there are so many adenomas, basically there is 100% for an adenoma to become a carcinoma

Answer 25

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Question 26

For oncogenes, we need _ hit for cell proliferation. | For tumour suppressor genes, we need _ hit before unrestricted cell proliferation is allowed

Answer 26

For oncogenes, we need 1 hit for cell proliferation. | For tumour suppressor genes, we need 2 hits before unrestricted cell proliferation is allowed

Question 27

``` Name the gene mutated for the following diseases FAP Lynch Syndrome Colorectal Cancer Carcinoma Adenoma ```

Answer 27

``` FAP- APC Lynch Syndrome- MMR Colorectal Cancer- MLH1, MSH2 Carcinoma- p53 Adenoma- KRAS ```

Question 28

Name 2 oncogenes | Name 2 tumour suppressor genes

Answer 28

Name 2 oncogenes- EGFR, HRAS1 | Name 2 tumour suppressor genes- p53, RB, APC

Question 29

Principle behind APC and FAP Without ____ Signal - APC is _____ in an ______ APC-containing complex - Degradation of _______ - Inactive ______ complex - No transcription of genes and no proliferation

Answer 29

Principle behind APC and FAP Without Wnt Signal - APC is active in an active APC-containing complex - Degradation of Beta-catenin - Inactive TCF complex - No transcription of genes and no proliferation

Question 30

Principle behind APC and FAP With ____ Signal - APC is ______ in an ______ APC-containing complex - No Degradation of _______ - Active ______ complex when _______ binds to it - Transcription of genes, yes proliferation

Answer 30

Principle behind APC and FAP With Wnt Signal - APC is inactive in an inactive APC-containing complex - No Degradation of Beta-catenin - Active TCF complex when Beta-catenin binds to it - Transcription of genes, yes proliferation