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MBBS IASM > IASM 49 50 51: Neoplasia and Cell Injury > Flashcards

IASM 49 50 51: Neoplasia and Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Abnormal mass of tissue
Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues
Persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli that evoked the change

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2
Q

Compare Hyperplasia and Neoplasia

  • Coordinated?
  • Reversible?
A

Hyperplasia VS Neoplasia

  • Coordinated VS Uncoordinated
  • Reversible VS Irreversible
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3
Q

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia

  • Mode of growth
  • Gross appearance
  • Rate of growth
  • Growth with relation to the basement membrane
A

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia

  • Mode of growth: Expansive VS Infiltrative
  • Gross appearance: Circumscribed VS Poorly defined margins
  • Rate of growth: Slow VS Fast
  • Growth limited by basement membrane VS Invasion beyond the basement membrane
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4
Q

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia in terms of appearance

  • Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio
  • Staining of nuclei
  • Cellular Pleomorphism
  • Mitosis
  • Polarity
  • Differentiated
A

Compare Benign Neoplasia and Malignant Neoplasia in terms of appearance

  • Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio: Low VS High
  • Staining of nuclei: Normal VS Hyperchromatic
  • Cellular Pleomorphism: No VS Yes
  • Mitosis: Absence VS Abnormal
  • Polarity: Maintained VS Lost
  • Differentiated: Well differentiated VS Varying degree of differentiation
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5
Q

Compare Benign and Malignant tumours

  • Metastasis
  • Outcome
A

Compare Benign and Malignant tumours

  • Metastasis: Absent VS Present
  • Outcome: Not fatal VS Fatal
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6
Q

Cells growing towards which direction?

  • Papilloma
  • Adenoma
A

Cells growing towards which direction?

  • Papilloma: Growing Outwards
  • Adenoma: Growing Inwards
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7
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Epithelium
Malignant Neoplasia of Epithelium

A

Papilloma

Carcinoma

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8
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Secretory Glands
Malignant Neoplasia of Secretory Glands

A

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Fibrous Tissue
Malignant Neoplasia of Fibrous Tissue

A

Fibroma

Fibrosacroma

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10
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Fat
Malignant Neoplasia of Fat

A

Lipoma

Liposacroma

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11
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Bone
Malignant Neoplasia of Bone

A

Osteoma

Osteosacroma

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12
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Cartilage
Malignant Neoplasia of Cartilage

A

Chondroma

Chondrosacroma

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13
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Smooth Muscle
Malignant Neoplasia of Smooth Muscle

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosacroma

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14
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Stratified Muscle
Malignant Neoplasia of Stratified Muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosacroma

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15
Q

Nomenclature:
Benign Neoplasia of Blood Vessels
Malignant Neoplasia of Blood Vessels

A

Haemangioma

Angiosacroma

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16
Q

Dysplasia has cellular changes similar to malignant cells. But there is no evidence of __________, different from carcinoma

A

No evidence of invasion beyond basement membrane

17
Q

When late adenoma becomes adenocarcinoma, there is loss of _______ gene on chromosome _____

A

When late adenoma becomes adenocarcinoma, there is loss of p53 gene on chromosome 17p

18
Q

When there is malignant neoplasia, the cells secrete __________ to __________

A

When there is malignant neoplasia, the cells secrete collagenases to digest the basement membrane

19
Q

A lot of the malignant neoplasia cells will survive and undergo metastasis

True or False

A

False

In fact, less than 1%

20
Q

When the malignant cells colonize in new areas, it requires the generation of ________, called _________

A

When the malignant cells colonize in new areas, it requires the generation of blood vessels, called angiogenesis

21
Q 
3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread
- Pagetoid Spread
- Perineural Spread
A

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- Pagetoid Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- Perineural Spread- Along neurones

22
Q 
3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- \_\_\_\_\_\_ Spread- Along neurones
A

3 ways for malignant cells to colonize in new areas:
Give examples for each and every kind
- Transcoelomic Spread- Lymphatics, blood
- Pagetoid Spread- Crawl along epithelium
- Perineural Spread- Along neurones

23
Q

Genes:
______ stimulate growth of cells
______ suppress the growth of cells

A

Oncogenes stimulate growth of cells

Tumour Suppressor Genes suppress the growth of cells

24
Q

What are the most common types of tumours

  • In Adults
  • In Children
A

What are the most common types of tumours

  • In Adults: Carcinoma
  • In Children: Lymphoma, Leukaemia, CNS Tumours
25
Q

Two Hit Theory (Just read jau ok)

  • Normally, it is very low chance for both copies of the healthy alleles to be both mutated and cause cancer
  • But, if there is 1 copy of the allele being defective, there is much higher chance for developing cancer, as it only needs 1 hit of mutation
  • For carriers, it develops a lot of adenomas, to become a carcinoma, you need an extra hit
  • But if there are so many adenomas, basically there is 100% for an adenoma to become a carcinoma
26
Q

For oncogenes, we need _ hit for cell proliferation.

For tumour suppressor genes, we need _ hit before unrestricted cell proliferation is allowed

A

For oncogenes, we need 1 hit for cell proliferation.

For tumour suppressor genes, we need 2 hits before unrestricted cell proliferation is allowed

27
Q 
Name the gene mutated for the following diseases
FAP
Lynch Syndrome
Colorectal Cancer
Carcinoma
Adenoma
A 
FAP- APC
Lynch Syndrome- MMR
Colorectal Cancer- MLH1, MSH2
Carcinoma- p53
Adenoma- KRAS
28
Q

Name 2 oncogenes

Name 2 tumour suppressor genes

A

Name 2 oncogenes- EGFR, HRAS1

Name 2 tumour suppressor genes- p53, RB, APC

29
Q

Principle behind APC and FAP
Without ____ Signal
- APC is _____ in an ______ APC-containing complex
- Degradation of _______
- Inactive ______ complex
- No transcription of genes and no proliferation

A

Principle behind APC and FAP
Without Wnt Signal
- APC is active in an active APC-containing complex
- Degradation of Beta-catenin
- Inactive TCF complex
- No transcription of genes and no proliferation

30
Q

Principle behind APC and FAP
With ____ Signal
- APC is ______ in an ______ APC-containing complex
- No Degradation of _______
- Active ______ complex when _______ binds to it
- Transcription of genes, yes proliferation

A

Principle behind APC and FAP
With Wnt Signal
- APC is inactive in an inactive APC-containing complex
- No Degradation of Beta-catenin
- Active TCF complex when Beta-catenin binds to it
- Transcription of genes, yes proliferation

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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