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MBBS IASM > IASM 69 70 72 73: Acute & Chronic Inflammation, T Cells > Flashcards

IASM 69 70 72 73: Acute & Chronic Inflammation, T Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 types of WBCs are responsible for chronic inflammation. Name the transformation between two of them

A

Monocytes => Macrophages

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

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2
Q

In the activation stage of Macrophages:
There is a positive feedback
Macrophage => Activated Macrophage (What substance is required?)
Lymphocyte => Activated Lymphocyte (What substance is required?)

Why is it a positive feedback, briefly explain

A

In the activation stage of Macrophages:
There is a positive feedback
Macrophage => Activated Macrophage (What substance is required?): IFN-Gamma
Lymphocyte => Activated Lymphocyte (What substance is required?): Interleukin 1, Tumour Necrosis Factor

IFN-Gamma is released from activated lymphocytes (Refer to IASM 67)
IL-1 and TNF are released from activated Macrophages

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3
Q

Macrophages have a single nucleus and an abundant __________ cytoplasm

A

Foamy cytoplasm

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4
Q

Chronic Inflammation Effects

Try to name 2

A

Chronic Inflammation Effects

  • Fever, Leukocytosis
  • Hyperplasia of lymphoid system
  • Immune response with antibody production
  • Systemic amyloidosis (build up of abnormal protein)
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5
Q

Why is Granulomatous Inflammation sometimes?

A

In response to an agent that is resistant to eradication

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6
Q

What components (cells) are inside the tubercle?

A

Langhan’s Giant cells
T lymphocytes
Macrophages

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7
Q

Compare acute inflammation and Chronic Inflammation

  • Duration
  • Nature
  • Response
A

Compare acute inflammation and Chronic Inflammation

  • Duration: Short VS Long
  • Nature: Exudative VS Proliferative
  • Response: Resolution VS Fibrosis and Tissue Destruction
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8
Q

Name 3 types of multinucleated giant cells in a Granuloma

A

Langhans Giant Cells
Foreign Body Giant Cells
Touton Giant Cell

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9
Q

Name the 4 features of an inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Warmth
Pain

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10
Q

Name the cells responsible for tackling acute inflammation

A

Neutrophil

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11
Q 
Name the 4 steps of acute inflammation
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Margination: Neutrophils adhere to the vessel wall
  2. Diapedesis: Neutrophils pass through the vessel wall
  3. Chemotaxis: Neutrophil moves towards site of tissue damage by chemical signals
  4. Phagocytosis: Engulf bacteria
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12
Q 
Cell-derived Mediators in Acute Inflammation
Where are they released from
1. Histamine
2. 5-HT
3. Cytokine
4. Chemokine
5. Nitric Oxide
6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)
A
  1. Histamine- Mast cells
  2. 5-HT- Blood Platelets
  3. Cytokine- Macrophages
  4. Chemokine- Macrophages
  5. Nitric Oxide- Endothelial cells
  6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites- Various WBCs
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13
Q

What are the effects of the above stuff

  1. Histamine
  2. 5-HT
  3. Cytokine
  4. Chemokine
  5. Nitric Oxide
  6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)
A
  1. Histamine- Vasodilation
  2. 5-HT- Increase Vascular Permeability (Increase diapedesis)
  3. Cytokine- Increase neutrophil adhesion to vessel wall (Increase margination)
  4. Chemokine- Attract neutrophils to the damaged site (Increase chemotaxis)
  5. Nitric Oxide- Increase Vascular Permeability (Increase diapedesis)
  6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)- Increase Vasodilation and Increase Vascular Permeability
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14
Q

Histamine are released from mast cells

Yet they are stored in mast cells and ________

A

Stored in mast cells and basophils

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15
Q

Arachidonic Acid are converted to _____________ when there is Tissue Injury

A

Converted to prostaglandins

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16
Q

In Acute Inflammation, some plasma protein-derived mediators will be activated. There are 3 systems.
Try to name them

A
  1. Complement system
  2. Coagulation system
  3. Kallikrein-kinin system
17
Q

After increased vascular permeability, transudate will be converted to ___________

A

Exudate

18
Q

During vasodilation, the blood will flow ________ (faster/slower) so that more fluid passes out. The blood becomes more __________ (concentrated/dilute), which is called _______, meaning vessels packed with slow-moving WBCs.

This will make the ______ (type of cell) closer to the vessel wall, facilitating _________ (step of acute inflammation).

A

During vasodilation, the blood will flow SLOWER so that more fluid passes out. The blood becomes more CONCENTRATED, which is called STASIS, meaning vessels packed with slow-moving WBCs.

This will make the NEUTROPHILS closer to the vessel wall, facilitating MARGINATION (step of acute inflammation).

19
Q

What opsonin will facilitate phagocytosis

May wish to refer back to IASM 67 as well

A

C3b

20
Q

Symptoms of Acute Inflammation (name 3)

Signs of Acute Inflammation (name 1)

A

Symptoms: Fever, tiredness, loss of appetite
Signs: Leukocytosis (very high WBC count)

21
Q

Benefits of Acute Inflammation (name 3, try)

Very general

A

Destroy invading microorganisms
Deliver oxygen, nutrients to injured tissue
Deliver drugs and antibiotics to site of action

22
Q

Harmful effects of Acute Inflammation

A

Destroy normal tissue

Oedema

23
Q

What is the order of body defence
1st barrier, 2nd barrier, 3rd barrier

Specific immune responses, non-specific immune responses, physical and chemical barriers

A

1st barrier- Physical and chemical barriers
2nd barrier- Non-specific immune responses
3rd barrier- Specific immune responses

24
Q

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions?
Primary:
Secondary:

A

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions?
Primary: Development and maturation of lymphocytes.
Secondary: Lymphocytes interacting with antigens.

25
Q

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions?
Primary: Development and maturation of lymphocytes.
Name 2 examples
Secondary: Lymphocytes interacting with antigens.
Name some examples

A

Primary: Thymus + Bone Marrow
Secondary: Lymph nodes + Spleen + Peyer’s patches (small intestine) + Tonsils

26
Q

Name 4 characteristics of Specific Immunity

A

Name 4 characteristics of Specific Immunity

  1. Self and non-self discrimination- avoid self-destruction
  2. Immunological memory
  3. Antigen specific
  4. Diverse repertiore (Sufficiently diverse to recognize many pathogens)
27
Q

Antibodies
There are 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. They are linked by ________ bonds.

Fab region is the _________ region. In terms of the Y, it is at the _____ end.
Fc region is the _________ region. In terms of the Y, it is at the ______ end.
Each antibody has 2 identical _________ sites.

A

Antibodies
There are 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. They are linked by disulfide bonds.

Fab region is the variable region. In terms of the Y, it is at the tip (upper, fork)) end.
Fc region is the constant region. In terms of the Y, it is at the base (lower, handle) end.
Each antibody has 2 identical antigen binding sites.

28
Q 
5 types of antibodies
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

Which ones are insoluble?
Which ones form dimer?
Which ones form pentamer?
Which ones are membrane bound?

A 
5 types of antibodies
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

Which ones are insoluble? IgD, others are soluble
Which ones form dimer? IgA
Which ones form pentamer? IgM
Which ones are membrane bound? IgM, IgD

(IgG and IgE nothing special)

29
Q

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
What antibodies are involved?
What things will be attracted in the end?

A

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
What antibodies are involved?- IgG, IgE
What things will be attracted in the end?- Natural killer cells, eosinophils

*antibodies involved are the ones not appearing in the previous question

30
Q 
Cytotoxic T Cells
Have MHC \_\_\_\_ and also CD \_\_
MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex
CDX=Co-receptor
What is the function of this type of cells?
A 
Cytotoxic T Cells
Have MHC I and also CD8
MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex
CDX=Co-receptor
Function: Develop Cytotoxic granules with perforins and granzymes

Helper <=> CD4
Killer <=> CD8
H comes before K, 4 comes before 8

31
Q 
T Helper Cells
Have MHC \_\_\_\_ and also CD \_\_
MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex
CDX=Co-receptor
What is the function of this type of cells?
A 
T Helper Cells
Have MHC II and also CD4
MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex
CDX=Co-receptor
Function: Release Cytokines

Helper <=> CD4
Killer <=> CD8
H comes before K, 4 comes before 8

32
Q

Compare Primary Response and Secondary Response

  • speed
  • duration of impact
  • strength of impact
  • Organs
  • Antibody Affinity
A

Primary VS Secondary

  • Slower VS Faster
  • Short term VS Long lasting
  • Weaker VS Stronger
  • Organ: spleen VS bone marrow
  • Affinity lower VS Affinity higher
33
Q

Primary response utilize which type of antibodies?

How about secondary response?

A

Primary: IgM
Secondary: IgG

34
Q

What are the difference between extra-cellular pathogens and intra-cellular pathogens in terms of killing method?

Bacteria belongs to which type?
Viruses belong to which type?

A

Extracellular: Can be killed by the complement or antibody
Intracellular: Need to kill the cell with Cytotoxic T Cells

Bacteria- Extracellular and Intracellular
Viruses- Intracellular (Replicate in living cells)

35
Q

What 3 components does non-specific response include

A

Complements
Interferons
Acute Phase Proteins

36
Q

What 3 components does specific response (humoral) include

i.e. B cells

A

Neutralization: Virus and toxin
Opsonization: phagocytes bind pathogens for recognition
Complement-mediated lysis

37
Q

Match
Primary Immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency

Genetic linked
Acquired

A

Primary Immunodeficiency- Genetic linked

Secondary Immunodeficiency- Acquired

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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