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MBBS IASM > IASM 35 36 37 38 39: Neurones and Muscles and Cascades > Flashcards

IASM 35 36 37 38 39: Neurones and Muscles and Cascades Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclei is a nerve cell body in _____

A

CNS

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2
Q

Ganglia is a nerve cell body in ______

A

PNS

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3
Q

Name the 5 components in the Autonomic Nervous System (Direction and components of travel)

A 
Autonomic Neurone
Autonomic Nuclei (CNS)
Preganglionic Neurone 
Autonomic Ganglia (PNS)
Ganglionic Neurone
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4
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system has _______ preganglionic neurones and ________ ganglionic neurones

A

Parasympathetic Nervous system has longer preganglionic neurones and shorter ganglionic neurones

‘PLSS’

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5
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system has ______ preganglionic neurones and ____ ganglionic neurones

A

Sympathetic Nervous system has shorter preganglionic neurones and longer ganglionic neurones

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs

A

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine

Ganglionic neurones to target organs- Acetylcholine

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7
Q

Sympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs

A

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine

Ganglionic neurones to target organs- NE/E (Major) Ach/NO (minor)

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8
Q

G-protein couple receptor mechanism

  • G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to _____
  • When G-protein activated by GPCR (with _____ binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes ______
  • G-protein splits to ______ and ______
  • ____ slowly becomes GDP from GTP
A

G-protein couple receptor mechanism

  • G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to G-alpha
  • When G-protein activated by GPCR (with NE/E binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes GTP
  • G-protein splits to G-alpha and G-BetaGamma
  • G-alpha slowly becomes GDP from GTP
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9
Q

Alpha-1 Receptors will lead to _______

A

Increased release of intracellular Calcium ions

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10
Q

Alpha-2 Receptors will…

A

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase

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11
Q

Beta-1, Beta-2, Beta-3 Receptors will…

A

Activate adenylyl cyclase

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12
Q

Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to _____

This causes activation of _________

A

Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to cAMP

This causes activation of protein kinase A

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13
Q

NE/E are synthesized from which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

Does sympathetic or parasympathetic has a more widespread effect?

A

Sympathetic

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15
Q

Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are striated
Which muscles are non-striated

A

Striated: Skeletal Cardiac

Non-striated: Smooth

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16
Q

Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are multi-nucleated
Which muscles have single central nucleus

A

Multi-nucleated: Skeletal

Single Central Nucleus: Cardiac Smooth

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17
Q

Describe the shape of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

Skeletal- long cylindrical
Cardiac- small branched
Smooth- spindle-shaped

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18
Q

Describe the T-Tubules of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

Skeletal- Long t-tubules
Cardiac- short t-tubules
Smooth- no t-tubules

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber are formed by the fusion of ________ cells

A

Mesodermal

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20
Q

The dark band is called __ band containing ______

The light band is called __ band containing _____ and ______

A

The dark band is called A band containing myosin

The light band is called I band containing actin and titin

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21
Q

During muscle contraction, which band stays the same width? Which band becomes shorter in width?

A

A band stays the same

I band becomes shorter in width

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22
Q

__ actin polymerizes to become __ actin strand

A

G actin polymerizes to become F actin strand

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23
Q

What molecule is responsible to hold the 2 F-actin strands together (located between the two F-actin strands)

A

Nebulin

24
Q

The active site of G-actin, at resting state, is covered by _____________________

A

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

25
Q

T-tubules are invagination of _______

A

cell membrane

26
Q

For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers _____ to pull out _______ receptors to release calcium ions

A

For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers DHP to pull out Ryanodine receptors to release calcium ions

27
Q

In an acetylcholine molecule, there’s acetate and also choline. Where does the acetate molecule come from?

A

From acetyl-CoA in mitochondria

28
Q

During the muscle contraction process

  1. ______ ions binds to _______
  2. _________ rolls away from active sites of ______
  3. Energized ______ heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form _________
  4. Myosin head cocks towards the _______ (contraction)
  5. ____ binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge
  6. Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to ______ the myosin head
A

During the muscle contraction process

  1. Calcium ions binds to troponin
  2. Tropomyosin rolls away from active sites of G-actin
  3. Energized myosin heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form cross bridges
  4. Myosin head cocks towards the M-line (contraction)
  5. ATP binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge
  6. Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to recock the myosin head
29
Q

What are the following types of muscles called?
Type I:
Type IIa:
Type IIb:

A

Type I: Slow Oxidative
Type IIa: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Type IIb: Fast Glycolytic

30
Q

What are the features of Slow Oxidative Muscles (Type______)

  • Colour
  • Dark or Light
  • Amount of myoglobin
  • Which type of respiration
  • For which type of athletes
A
  • Colour: Red
  • Dark or Light: Dark
  • Amount of myoglobin: A lot
  • Which type of respiration: Aerobic
  • For which type of athletes: Marathon runners
31
Q

What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type _______)

  • Colour
  • Dark or Light
  • Amount of myoglobin
  • Which type of respiration
  • For which type of athletes
A

What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type IIb)

  • Colour: White
  • Dark or Light: Light
  • Amount of myoglobin: Little
  • Which type of respiration: Anaerobic
  • For which type of athletes: Sprinters
32
Q

Muscles increase in _____ but not in _____

A

Increase in size

Not in number

33
Q

Consider motor unit
For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control (More/less) muscle fibres, this increases the _____ of the control

A

For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control less muscle fibres, this increases the precision of the control

34
Q

Diad- Which type of muscle

Triad- Which type of muscle

A

Diad- Cardiac

Triad- Skeletal

35
Q

Name 2 types of intercalated discs in Cardiac Muscles

A

Zonula Adherens

Macula adherens

36
Q

What is the function of T tubules

A

Helps in the transmission of action potentials

37
Q

Describe the shape of cells in smooth muscles

A

Elongated fusiform cells

38
Q

Are there cell to cell junctions in smooth muscle

A

No

39
Q

Are smooth muscle cells able to undergo mitosis to divide and increase in number

A

Yes

40
Q

What is the cell body of neurone called

A

Soma

41
Q

What are the 2 functions of Smooth ER in neurone cell body

A
  • Hormones and lipids production

- Regulation in Calcium ion release

42
Q

Name the 3 properties of Neurones

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion

43
Q

Name the 2 major types of Neurone

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
please refer to diagrams on IASM 38

44
Q

For neurones, dendrons are usually (unmyelinated/myelinated), while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated.

Dendrons are usually (branched/ single), axons are usually (branched/ single).

A

For neurones, dendrons are usually unmyelinated, while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated.

Dendrons are usually branched, axons are usually single.

45
Q

What is the plasma membrane of axon called

A

Axonlemma

46
Q

Antrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal)
Retrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal)

A

Antrograde transport refers to substance transported from cell body to axon terminal
Retrograde transport refers to substance transported from axon terminal to cell body

47
Q

What is the most common type of synpase

A

Axodendritic

80% of excitatory synpases

48
Q

What is an electrical synpase?

Which type of cell is in mainly present in?

A

Electrical signals/ ions are directly moved from one synapse to another synapse

Smooth muscle cells

49
Q

Are there more glial cells or more neurones

A

Glial cells

50
Q

Neurones cannot divide

Can glial cells divide

A

Yes

51
Q

1 Schwann Cell can wrap __ axon

1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap ___ axons

A

1 Schwann Cell can wrap 1 axon

1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap several axons

52
Q

In PNS, name the type of cell that surrounds the nerve cell body in the ganglia

A

Satellite cells

53
Q

What happens when there is kinase from low activity transferring to kinase with increased activity

A

Occupation of receptors by signals
Dimerization of the two receptors
Cross-phosphorylation

54
Q

ATP => ADP+P
Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules
Which one is energetically favourable, which one is not?

A

ATP => ADP+P (Energetically favourable)

Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules (energetically unfavourable)

55
Q

What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade

Free receptor
Formation of Receptor ___________
Self phosphorylation
Recruit ______ from membrane to cytoplasm
________ => ________ and _______ under ________
Release of _______ and activate downstream switches

A

What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade

Free receptor
Receptor dimer
Self phosphorylation
Recruit PLC from membrane to cytoplasm
PIP2 => INS145P3 and DAG under PLC
Release of Ca2+ and activate downstream switches

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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