IASM 35 36 37 38 39: Neurones and Muscles and Cascades Flashcards
Nuclei is a nerve cell body in _____
CNS
Ganglia is a nerve cell body in ______
PNS
Name the 5 components in the Autonomic Nervous System (Direction and components of travel)
Autonomic Neurone Autonomic Nuclei (CNS) Preganglionic Neurone Autonomic Ganglia (PNS) Ganglionic Neurone
Parasympathetic Nervous system has _______ preganglionic neurones and ________ ganglionic neurones
Parasympathetic Nervous system has longer preganglionic neurones and shorter ganglionic neurones
‘PLSS’
Sympathetic Nervous system has ______ preganglionic neurones and ____ ganglionic neurones
Sympathetic Nervous system has shorter preganglionic neurones and longer ganglionic neurones
Parasympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?
Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs
Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine
Ganglionic neurones to target organs- Acetylcholine
Sympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?
Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs
Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine
Ganglionic neurones to target organs- NE/E (Major) Ach/NO (minor)
G-protein couple receptor mechanism
- G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to _____
- When G-protein activated by GPCR (with _____ binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes ______
- G-protein splits to ______ and ______
- ____ slowly becomes GDP from GTP
G-protein couple receptor mechanism
- G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to G-alpha
- When G-protein activated by GPCR (with NE/E binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes GTP
- G-protein splits to G-alpha and G-BetaGamma
- G-alpha slowly becomes GDP from GTP
Alpha-1 Receptors will lead to _______
Increased release of intracellular Calcium ions
Alpha-2 Receptors will…
Inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Beta-1, Beta-2, Beta-3 Receptors will…
Activate adenylyl cyclase
Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to _____
This causes activation of _________
Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to cAMP
This causes activation of protein kinase A
NE/E are synthesized from which amino acid?
Tyrosine
Does sympathetic or parasympathetic has a more widespread effect?
Sympathetic
Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are striated
Which muscles are non-striated
Striated: Skeletal Cardiac
Non-striated: Smooth
Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are multi-nucleated
Which muscles have single central nucleus
Multi-nucleated: Skeletal
Single Central Nucleus: Cardiac Smooth
Describe the shape of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal- long cylindrical
Cardiac- small branched
Smooth- spindle-shaped
Describe the T-Tubules of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal- Long t-tubules
Cardiac- short t-tubules
Smooth- no t-tubules
Skeletal muscle fiber are formed by the fusion of ________ cells
Mesodermal
The dark band is called __ band containing ______
The light band is called __ band containing _____ and ______
The dark band is called A band containing myosin
The light band is called I band containing actin and titin
During muscle contraction, which band stays the same width? Which band becomes shorter in width?
A band stays the same
I band becomes shorter in width
__ actin polymerizes to become __ actin strand
G actin polymerizes to become F actin strand
What molecule is responsible to hold the 2 F-actin strands together (located between the two F-actin strands)
Nebulin
The active site of G-actin, at resting state, is covered by _____________________
Troponin-tropomyosin complex
T-tubules are invagination of _______
cell membrane
For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers _____ to pull out _______ receptors to release calcium ions
For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers DHP to pull out Ryanodine receptors to release calcium ions
In an acetylcholine molecule, there’s acetate and also choline. Where does the acetate molecule come from?
From acetyl-CoA in mitochondria
During the muscle contraction process
- ______ ions binds to _______
- _________ rolls away from active sites of ______
- Energized ______ heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form _________
- Myosin head cocks towards the _______ (contraction)
- ____ binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge
- Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to ______ the myosin head
During the muscle contraction process
- Calcium ions binds to troponin
- Tropomyosin rolls away from active sites of G-actin
- Energized myosin heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form cross bridges
- Myosin head cocks towards the M-line (contraction)
- ATP binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge
- Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to recock the myosin head
What are the following types of muscles called?
Type I:
Type IIa:
Type IIb:
Type I: Slow Oxidative
Type IIa: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Type IIb: Fast Glycolytic
What are the features of Slow Oxidative Muscles (Type______)
- Colour
- Dark or Light
- Amount of myoglobin
- Which type of respiration
- For which type of athletes
- Colour: Red
- Dark or Light: Dark
- Amount of myoglobin: A lot
- Which type of respiration: Aerobic
- For which type of athletes: Marathon runners
What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type _______)
- Colour
- Dark or Light
- Amount of myoglobin
- Which type of respiration
- For which type of athletes
What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type IIb)
- Colour: White
- Dark or Light: Light
- Amount of myoglobin: Little
- Which type of respiration: Anaerobic
- For which type of athletes: Sprinters
Muscles increase in _____ but not in _____
Increase in size
Not in number
Consider motor unit
For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control (More/less) muscle fibres, this increases the _____ of the control
For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control less muscle fibres, this increases the precision of the control
Diad- Which type of muscle
Triad- Which type of muscle
Diad- Cardiac
Triad- Skeletal
Name 2 types of intercalated discs in Cardiac Muscles
Zonula Adherens
Macula adherens
What is the function of T tubules
Helps in the transmission of action potentials
Describe the shape of cells in smooth muscles
Elongated fusiform cells
Are there cell to cell junctions in smooth muscle
No
Are smooth muscle cells able to undergo mitosis to divide and increase in number
Yes
What is the cell body of neurone called
Soma
What are the 2 functions of Smooth ER in neurone cell body
- Hormones and lipids production
- Regulation in Calcium ion release
Name the 3 properties of Neurones
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Name the 2 major types of Neurone
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
please refer to diagrams on IASM 38
For neurones, dendrons are usually (unmyelinated/myelinated), while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated.
Dendrons are usually (branched/ single), axons are usually (branched/ single).
For neurones, dendrons are usually unmyelinated, while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated.
Dendrons are usually branched, axons are usually single.
What is the plasma membrane of axon called
Axonlemma
Antrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal)
Retrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal)
Antrograde transport refers to substance transported from cell body to axon terminal
Retrograde transport refers to substance transported from axon terminal to cell body
What is the most common type of synpase
Axodendritic
80% of excitatory synpases
What is an electrical synpase?
Which type of cell is in mainly present in?
Electrical signals/ ions are directly moved from one synapse to another synapse
Smooth muscle cells
Are there more glial cells or more neurones
Glial cells
Neurones cannot divide
Can glial cells divide
Yes
1 Schwann Cell can wrap __ axon
1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap ___ axons
1 Schwann Cell can wrap 1 axon
1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap several axons
In PNS, name the type of cell that surrounds the nerve cell body in the ganglia
Satellite cells
What happens when there is kinase from low activity transferring to kinase with increased activity
Occupation of receptors by signals
Dimerization of the two receptors
Cross-phosphorylation
ATP => ADP+P
Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules
Which one is energetically favourable, which one is not?
ATP => ADP+P (Energetically favourable)
Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules (energetically unfavourable)
What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade
Free receptor
Formation of Receptor ___________
Self phosphorylation
Recruit ______ from membrane to cytoplasm
________ => ________ and _______ under ________
Release of _______ and activate downstream switches
What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade
Free receptor Receptor dimer Self phosphorylation Recruit PLC from membrane to cytoplasm PIP2 => INS145P3 and DAG under PLC Release of Ca2+ and activate downstream switches
