IASM 43 44: Thermoregulation, Fever, Heat Stroke, Body Fluid

Question 1

3 Types of Endocrine Glands, What are they? What are their mode of secretions/ activations?

Answer 1

Endocrine: Hormones discharged to blood
Paracrine: Activating neighbouring cells
Autocrine: Activating the cell itself

(EPA)

Question 2

What is the unit for gases

Like oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 2

mmHg

Question 3

What is the unit for ions

Like Potassium ion and Sodium ion

Answer 3

mmol/L

Question 4

Total body water takes up about ____% of body weight

Answer 4

60%

Question 5

Among total body fluid,
About ___ is intracellular fluid and ___ is extracellular fluid
Among extracellular fluid, ___ is intravascular fluid (what is intravascular fluid?) and ___ is interstitial fluid.

Answer 5

Among total body fluid,
About 2/3 is intracellular fluid and 1/3 is extracellular fluid
Among extracellular fluid, 1/4 is intravascular fluid (plasma) and 3/4 is interstitial fluid.

Question 6

Positive Feedback

Increase _______ release when during labour will cause ________ in order for the foetus to be delivered smoothly

Answer 6

Positive Feedback
Increase oxytocin release when during labour will cause further contraction in uterine muscles to increase the frequency and vigour of contraction in order for the foetus to be delivered smoothly

Question 7

Name 4 occasions where positive feedback is utilized

Answer 7

Labour
Blood clot formation
Ovulation triggering (Increase oestrogen will increase LH)
Nerve signal generation

Question 8

Human’s core body temperature follows a _____ rhythm, with temperature lowest in _____ and rises during the _______

Answer 8

Human’s core body temperature follows a diurnal rhythm, with temperature lowest in predawn and rises during the afternoon

Question 9

Name 2 routes for heat gain, 4 routes for heat loss

Answer 9

Gain: Basal Metabolic rate, Muscle contraction
Loss: Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation

Question 10

The thermoregulatory centre is at the

Answer 10

Posterior Hypothalamus

Question 11

Name 2 responses to combat the increased heat production in body

Answer 11

Vasodilation of cutaneous arterioles (Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor centres)
Sweating

Question 12

Name 4 responses to colder body environment

Answer 12

Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arterioles (Stimulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor centres)
Piloerection: Contraction of arrector pili muscles, improves insulation
Thermogenesis (Shivering)
Thermogenesis (non-shivering): Increase epinephrine secretion

Question 13

What is the difference between Hyperthermia and Fever

Answer 13

Hyperthermia: Core body temperature is raised above the thermal set point
Fever: Core body temperature is raised because of elevated thermal set point

Question 14

Biochemistry behind fever

1. Infection by ________
2. _______ are triggered to produce ____________
3. Namely ________, _________ and ____________
4. Synthesis of Prostaglandin _______ in __________
5. Elevation of Thermal Set Point

Answer 14

Biochemistry behind fever

1. Infection by pyrogens
2. Monocytes and Macrophages are triggered to produce pyrogenic cytokines
3. Namely Interleukin 1, Interleukin 6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor
4. Synthesis of Prostaglandin PGE2 in hypothalamus
5. Elevation of Thermal Set Point

Question 15

Heat Exhaustion

• ________ core body temperature
• Increased _______
• Leads to _______

Treatment: __________

Answer 15

Heat Exhaustion

• Increased core body temperature
• Increased sweating
• Leads to dehydration

Treatment: Increase the fluid intake

Question 16

Heat Stroke

• Core body temperature above (___ degrees)
• Depressed ________
• Reduced _______
• _______ core body temperature

Answer 16

Heat Stroke

• Core body temperature above limit (41 degrees)
• Depressed thermoregulatory centre
• Reduced sweating
• Increased core body temperature

Question 17

What are the features for the skin for a heat stroke patient?

Answer 17

Hot
Dry
(due to reduced sweating)

Question 18

Hypothermia means core body temperature is below _____. It is lethal when core body temperature is below _____.

Answer 18

Hypothermia means core body temperature is below 35C. It is lethal when core body temperature is below 32C.

Question 19

If there’s excess heat in body, blood pressure will ___

Answer 19

Decrease

Due to increased sweating

Question 20

Excess heat/ Excess cold will lead to what neurological symptoms?

Answer 20

Fatigue
Confusion
Unconsciousness
Coma (for cold)

Due to reduced cerebral blood flow to the brain

Question 21

How does Aspirin and Antipyretic Drugs reduce the severity of fever?

Answer 21

Inhibit the PGE2 formation