IASM 43 44: Thermoregulation, Fever, Heat Stroke, Body Fluid Flashcards
3 Types of Endocrine Glands, What are they? What are their mode of secretions/ activations?
Endocrine: Hormones discharged to blood
Paracrine: Activating neighbouring cells
Autocrine: Activating the cell itself
(EPA)
What is the unit for gases
Like oxygen and carbon dioxide
mmHg
What is the unit for ions
Like Potassium ion and Sodium ion
mmol/L
Total body water takes up about ____% of body weight
60%
Among total body fluid,
About ___ is intracellular fluid and ___ is extracellular fluid
Among extracellular fluid, ___ is intravascular fluid (what is intravascular fluid?) and ___ is interstitial fluid.
Among total body fluid,
About 2/3 is intracellular fluid and 1/3 is extracellular fluid
Among extracellular fluid, 1/4 is intravascular fluid (plasma) and 3/4 is interstitial fluid.
Positive Feedback
Increase _______ release when during labour will cause ________ in order for the foetus to be delivered smoothly
Positive Feedback
Increase oxytocin release when during labour will cause further contraction in uterine muscles to increase the frequency and vigour of contraction in order for the foetus to be delivered smoothly
Name 4 occasions where positive feedback is utilized
Labour
Blood clot formation
Ovulation triggering (Increase oestrogen will increase LH)
Nerve signal generation
Human’s core body temperature follows a _____ rhythm, with temperature lowest in _____ and rises during the _______
Human’s core body temperature follows a diurnal rhythm, with temperature lowest in predawn and rises during the afternoon
Name 2 routes for heat gain, 4 routes for heat loss
Gain: Basal Metabolic rate, Muscle contraction
Loss: Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation
The thermoregulatory centre is at the
Posterior Hypothalamus
Name 2 responses to combat the increased heat production in body
Vasodilation of cutaneous arterioles (Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor centres)
Sweating
Name 4 responses to colder body environment
Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arterioles (Stimulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor centres)
Piloerection: Contraction of arrector pili muscles, improves insulation
Thermogenesis (Shivering)
Thermogenesis (non-shivering): Increase epinephrine secretion
What is the difference between Hyperthermia and Fever
Hyperthermia: Core body temperature is raised above the thermal set point
Fever: Core body temperature is raised because of elevated thermal set point
Biochemistry behind fever
- Infection by ________
- _______ are triggered to produce ____________
- Namely ________, _________ and ____________
- Synthesis of Prostaglandin _______ in __________
- Elevation of Thermal Set Point
Biochemistry behind fever
- Infection by pyrogens
- Monocytes and Macrophages are triggered to produce pyrogenic cytokines
- Namely Interleukin 1, Interleukin 6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor
- Synthesis of Prostaglandin PGE2 in hypothalamus
- Elevation of Thermal Set Point
Heat Exhaustion
- ________ core body temperature
- Increased _______
- Leads to _______
Treatment: __________
Heat Exhaustion
- Increased core body temperature
- Increased sweating
- Leads to dehydration
Treatment: Increase the fluid intake
