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MBBS IASM > IASM 10 12 13 15 16 17 20 21 22: Metabolism Trash > Flashcards

IASM 10 12 13 15 16 17 20 21 22: Metabolism Trash Flashcards

1
Q

Humans can digest which type of glucose, but not which type?

A

Can digest alpha glucose

Cannot digest beta glucose

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2
Q

Which will starch be broken down into under the action of salivary amylase?

A

Alpha limit dextrin
Amylose
Amylopectin

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3
Q

What will amylose be broken down into

A

Maltotriose
Maltose
Glucose

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4
Q

What is the difference between 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage?

A

1,4: linkage within a chain

1,6: linkage between chains

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5
Q

Which type of GLUT transporter is insulin sensitive?

A

GLUT4

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6
Q

Brain can use _______ as fuel

A

Ketone bodies

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7
Q 
What organs utilize the following GLUT transporters?
Glut1
Glut2
Glut3
Glut4
A

1: Bumble bee’s best
2: last known phrase is
3: no problem
4: my friends

Glut1: bbb, blood cell, baby
Glut2: liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine
Glut3: neurone, placenta
Glut4: muscle, fat cells

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8
Q

What is SGLT?

Function?

A

Sodium glucose linked transporter

Transports glucose/ galactose in, and sodium ion out

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9
Q

What are the 2 ways for glucose to become fats

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

De Novo fatty acid synthesis

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10
Q

Name the products formed during the glycolysis pathway?

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
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11
Q

Name the enzyme:

Glucose to Glucose 6-Phosphate

A

Hexokinase

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12
Q

Name the enzyme:

Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

A

PFK1

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13
Q

Name the enzyme:
Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate to
Fructose 6-Phosphate

A

Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

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14
Q

Name the enzyme:

Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate

A

PK

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15
Q

Name the enzyme:

Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate

A

PEPCK

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16
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the changes when pyruvate is converted to lactate?
Also name the enzyme

A

LDH-A

2NADH=>2NAD

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17
Q

Approximately describe the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Pentose Phosphate
DHAP
Glycerol 3-Phosphate
Glycerol
TAG
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18
Q

Approximately describe the UDP Glucose Pathway

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Glucose 1-Phosphate
UDP-Glucose
Glycogen
19
Q

Lactose Intolerance is due to the low levels of ______

A

lactase

20
Q

Describe the mechanism of lactose intolerance people

A

Low levels of lactase
Bacteria can ferment on lactose to form hydrogen or carbon dioxide or methane and fatty acid
Increase osmotic pressure which may lead to diaherra

21
Q

Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate stimulates __________.

Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate inhibits __________.

A

Stimulates PFK1

Inhibits Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

22
Q

What will happen when there is
A high insulin to glucagon ratio
A high AMP:ATP ratio

A

Stimulate the kinase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate
Stimulate PFK1

23
Q

What will happen when there is
A low insulin to glucagon ratio
A high ATP:AMP ratio

A

Stimulate phosphatase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate
Remove the inhibition on Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

24
Q

Glucose to Pyruvate
Pyruvate to Glucose
Glycogen to Glucose
Glucose to Glycogen

A

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis

25
Q

_________ can become ketone bodies

A

Acetyl-CoA

26
Q

Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by ________

Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA/ Propionyl CoA by ____________

A

Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA by fatty acid beta oxidation

27
Q

Give 3 examples of ketones

A

Acetone
Acetoacetate
Beta-hydroxybutyrate

28
Q

Describe the process and intermediates of Fatty Acid Synthesis

And what is the purpose of the fatty acid produced

A

Acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA
Fatty Acid

Purpose: For storage

29
Q

Describe the the reactants and products of fatty acid beta oxidation

A

Fatty acid in mitochondria

Acetyl-CoA

30
Q

What does malonyl-CoA inhibit

A

Fatty acid beta oxidation

31
Q

In other words, name 2 positive allosteric regulators for PFK-1

A

AMP

Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate

32
Q

What are the functions of:
White adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue

A

White: Store TAG
Brown: Dissipate the energy as heat

33
Q

The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies as fuels because there is a lack of __________

A

Thiophorase

34
Q

Which amino acid can be transported in blood

A

Alanine

35
Q

What products can be converted from:

Alanine
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid

A

Alanine- Pyruvate
Glutamic Acid- Alpha-ketoglutarate
Aspartic Acid- Oxaloacetate

36
Q

Glutamine can be converted to glutamic acid, then to alpha ketoglutarate by releasing a _______ group

A

NH4+ group

each step

37
Q

Name the enzyme that is responsible for transferring Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

A

ACC

38
Q

Is ACC active in phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state?

A

Non-phosphorylated

(thinking process: More insulin, exactly what happens after a meal, will acts as phosphatase, and you would want more acetyl-CoA to be malonyl-CoA).

39
Q

Is ACC phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated during exercise

A

Phosphorylated

Exercise: You would want more fatty acid beta oxidation to release energy. Therefore you need less Malonyl CoA to remove the inhibition. Phosphorylated ACC prevents Acetyl-CoA to become Malonyl-CoA

40
Q

Is Lipase active in Phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state

A

Phosphorylated

Insulin acts as phosphatase. After a meal, you get more insulin, and you don’t want the lipids to break down because you want them to be stored. So it’s inactive during non-phosphorylated state, ie active during phosphorylated state.

41
Q

Fatty acids can at some point ______ the glycolytic pathway

And what is the significance

A

Inhibit

When there’s too much fatty acids, we want to save some glucose up for usage

42
Q

What is the problem of patients with Diabetes Type II, with regards to the glucose fatty acid cycle

A

They 本身 have high blood glucose level
When they also have high fatty acid level, it inhibits the glucose to undergo glycolysis, so the glucose cannot be cleared
So there’s toxic level of glucose now

43
Q

Describe the process of Self-regulated ketone production

A 
Increase ketone bodies
Increase insulin level
Lipase inactive and ACC active
Inhibits TAG becoming FA
More Acetyl-CoA becomes Malonyl-CoA
Less acetyl-CoA, and Inhibition of fatty acid beta oxidation
Reduced ketone synthesis
Prevent Ketoacidosis
44
Q

In the Urea Cycle, the NH4+ group is donated by which two molecules?

A

Glutamic Acid

Aspartic Acid

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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