IASM 10 12 13 15 16 17 20 21 22: Metabolism Trash Flashcards
Humans can digest which type of glucose, but not which type?
Can digest alpha glucose
Cannot digest beta glucose
Which will starch be broken down into under the action of salivary amylase?
Alpha limit dextrin
Amylose
Amylopectin
What will amylose be broken down into
Maltotriose
Maltose
Glucose
What is the difference between 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage?
1,4: linkage within a chain
1,6: linkage between chains
Which type of GLUT transporter is insulin sensitive?
GLUT4
Brain can use _______ as fuel
Ketone bodies
What organs utilize the following GLUT transporters? Glut1 Glut2 Glut3 Glut4
1: Bumble bee’s best
2: last known phrase is
3: no problem
4: my friends
Glut1: bbb, blood cell, baby
Glut2: liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine
Glut3: neurone, placenta
Glut4: muscle, fat cells
What is SGLT?
Function?
Sodium glucose linked transporter
Transports glucose/ galactose in, and sodium ion out
What are the 2 ways for glucose to become fats
Pentose phosphate pathway
De Novo fatty acid synthesis
Name the products formed during the glycolysis pathway?
Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-biphosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate
Name the enzyme:
Glucose to Glucose 6-Phosphate
Hexokinase
Name the enzyme:
Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate
PFK1
Name the enzyme:
Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate to
Fructose 6-Phosphate
Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase
Name the enzyme:
Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate
PK
Name the enzyme:
Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
PEPCK
In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the changes when pyruvate is converted to lactate?
Also name the enzyme
LDH-A
2NADH=>2NAD
Approximately describe the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Glucose Glucose 6-Phosphate Pentose Phosphate DHAP Glycerol 3-Phosphate Glycerol TAG
Approximately describe the UDP Glucose Pathway
Glucose Glucose 6-Phosphate Glucose 1-Phosphate UDP-Glucose Glycogen
Lactose Intolerance is due to the low levels of ______
lactase
Describe the mechanism of lactose intolerance people
Low levels of lactase
Bacteria can ferment on lactose to form hydrogen or carbon dioxide or methane and fatty acid
Increase osmotic pressure which may lead to diaherra
Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate stimulates __________.
Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate inhibits __________.
Stimulates PFK1
Inhibits Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase
What will happen when there is
A high insulin to glucagon ratio
A high AMP:ATP ratio
Stimulate the kinase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate
Stimulate PFK1
What will happen when there is
A low insulin to glucagon ratio
A high ATP:AMP ratio
Stimulate phosphatase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate
Remove the inhibition on Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase
Glucose to Pyruvate
Pyruvate to Glucose
Glycogen to Glucose
Glucose to Glycogen
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
_________ can become ketone bodies
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by ________
Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA/ Propionyl CoA by ____________
Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA by fatty acid beta oxidation
Give 3 examples of ketones
Acetone
Acetoacetate
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
Describe the process and intermediates of Fatty Acid Synthesis
And what is the purpose of the fatty acid produced
Acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA
Fatty Acid
Purpose: For storage
Describe the the reactants and products of fatty acid beta oxidation
Fatty acid in mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA
What does malonyl-CoA inhibit
Fatty acid beta oxidation
In other words, name 2 positive allosteric regulators for PFK-1
AMP
Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate
What are the functions of:
White adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue
White: Store TAG
Brown: Dissipate the energy as heat
The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies as fuels because there is a lack of __________
Thiophorase
Which amino acid can be transported in blood
Alanine
What products can be converted from:
Alanine
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid
Alanine- Pyruvate
Glutamic Acid- Alpha-ketoglutarate
Aspartic Acid- Oxaloacetate
Glutamine can be converted to glutamic acid, then to alpha ketoglutarate by releasing a _______ group
NH4+ group
each step
Name the enzyme that is responsible for transferring Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA
ACC
Is ACC active in phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state?
Non-phosphorylated
(thinking process: More insulin, exactly what happens after a meal, will acts as phosphatase, and you would want more acetyl-CoA to be malonyl-CoA).
Is ACC phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated during exercise
Phosphorylated
Exercise: You would want more fatty acid beta oxidation to release energy. Therefore you need less Malonyl CoA to remove the inhibition. Phosphorylated ACC prevents Acetyl-CoA to become Malonyl-CoA
Is Lipase active in Phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state
Phosphorylated
Insulin acts as phosphatase. After a meal, you get more insulin, and you don’t want the lipids to break down because you want them to be stored. So it’s inactive during non-phosphorylated state, ie active during phosphorylated state.
Fatty acids can at some point ______ the glycolytic pathway
And what is the significance
Inhibit
When there’s too much fatty acids, we want to save some glucose up for usage
What is the problem of patients with Diabetes Type II, with regards to the glucose fatty acid cycle
They 本身 have high blood glucose level
When they also have high fatty acid level, it inhibits the glucose to undergo glycolysis, so the glucose cannot be cleared
So there’s toxic level of glucose now
Describe the process of Self-regulated ketone production
Increase ketone bodies Increase insulin level Lipase inactive and ACC active Inhibits TAG becoming FA More Acetyl-CoA becomes Malonyl-CoA Less acetyl-CoA, and Inhibition of fatty acid beta oxidation Reduced ketone synthesis Prevent Ketoacidosis
In the Urea Cycle, the NH4+ group is donated by which two molecules?
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid
