IASM 40 41 42: Embryology Trash Flashcards
When are the following periods
- Germinal Period
- Embryonic Period
- Fetal Period
- Germinal Period: First 2 weeks
- Embryonic Period: 3rd week to 8th week
- Fetal Period: 9th week till birth
What happens during the following periods
- Germinal Period
- Embryonic Period
- Fetal Period
- Germinal Period: Formation of 3 germ layers
- Embryonic Period: Embryogenesis and Organogenesis
- Fetal Period: Organ systems grow and mature
What is inner cell mass formed from
Epiblast
Hypoblast
What forms the 3 germ layers
Epiblast
What are the primordial germ cells derived from
Epiblast
The process of oogenesis:
- Primordial germ cells form _______
- Oogonium becomes __________ (arrest at _______ of ____________)
- 1 cell becomes ___________ and another forms the primary ___________
- Secondary oocyte enters _________ and arrests at _________
The process of oogenesis:
- Primordial germ cells form oogonium
- Oogonium becomes primary oocyte (arrest at prophase of meiosis division I)
- 1 cell becomes secondary oocyte and another forms the primary polar body
- Secondary oocyte enters meiotic division II and arrests at metaphase
In females, oocyte production starts at ______.
In males, spermatids production starts at _______.
In females, oocyte production starts at embryo age.
In males, spermatids production starts at puberty.
Immature sperms are called ________.
Mature sperms are called ________.
Immature sperms are called spermatids.
Mature sperms are called spermatozoa.
For sperms, the formation of acrosome is from…
Golgi apparatus
What are the two layers that surrounds the female gamete
Zona pellucida (Inner) Corona radiata (Outer, cells-like) Refer to IASM 40 41 42 notes for diagram
During fertilization
It stimulates the oocyte to complete ___________.
Also to produce ________________.
During fertilization
It stimulates the oocyte to complete meiotic division II.
Also to produce secondary polar body.
During fertilization
Acrosomal enzymes allow sperm to penetrate _______.
It causes ___________ to release contents.
Which causes ___________ to alter structure, ___________ to another sperm.
During fertilization
Acrosomal enzymes allow sperm to penetrate zona pellucida.
It causes cortical granules to release contents.
Which causes zona pellucida to alter structure, impenetrable to another sperm.
At the first stage of mitotic cell division after fertilization, there is repeated mitosis with little or no growth in early embryo. What is this stage called
Cleavage
In a morula, compaction occurs. Name 2 purposes for this
Clear distinct cells become cells with blurred boundary
Maximization of cell-cell contents and increase communication between cells
Formation of tight junctions
After morula, it divides into 2 layers to PREPARE for IMPLANTATION. Name them
Embryoblast
Trophoblast
After morula, it divides into 2 layers.
Embryoblast- What does it form? inner/outer?
Trophoblast- What does it form? inner/outer?
Embryoblast- Inner cell mass forming embryo
Trophoblast- Outer cell mass forming placenta
After morula, it divides into 2 layers.
Embryoblast- Inner, forming embryo
Trophoblast- Outer, forming placenta
Trophoblast will further divide into 2 layers
Name them? Also what are their respective functions?
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast- Anchors to uterine wall and secrete HCG
Refer to IASM 40 41 42 Diagram for details
During gastrulation, there is the formation of trilaminar germ disc.
In the bilaminar stage, name the 2 layers from top to bottom.
In the trilaminar stage, name the 3 layers from top to bottom, and what are they derived from?
During gastrulation, there is the formation of trilaminar germ disc.
In the bilaminar stage, name the 2 layers from top to bottom- Epiblast, Hypoblast
In the trilaminar stage, name the 3 layers from top to bottom, and what are they derived from- Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm: All derived from epiblast
In the beginning of gastrulation, epiblast cells will move towards the __________. This creates 2 layers, _______ cells will be displaced by ________ cells.
In the beginning of gastrulation, epiblast cells will move towards the primitive streak. This creates 2 layers, hypoblast cells will be displaced by epiblast cells.
On top of the epiblast. What is at the caudal region? What is at the cranial region? The cells migrate from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What is it called?
What is at the caudal region- Primitive streak and Primitive Node, Cloacal Membrane
What is at the cranial region- Oropharyngeal membrane
The cells migrate from primitive node to the oropharyngeal membrane. (called primitive streak)
*Migrate from Caudal to Cranial (Alphabetical Order)
Again, refer to diagram on IASM 40 41 42 notes
What growth factor is secreted by the primitive node?
It is concentrated on the ________ (which side)
Nodal
Concentrated on the left side
Three germ layers: Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm What will they form respectively?
Ectoderm- CNS, PNS, Skin, Eyes, Internal Ear
Mesoderm- Bones, Cardiovascular system, Connective Tissue, Urogenital System
Endoderm- Gut and gut derivatives
During the organogenesis stage, what part of the neuroectoderm joins together after folding?
Somite
Name 3 Growth Factors during the Organogenesis Stage
Wnt3a
BMPs
FGFs
Which type of cells, are responsible and associated with many birth defects?
Neural Crest Cells
Anterior neuropore closes on day ___
Posterior neuropore closes on day ___
Anterior neuropore closes on day 25
Posterior neuropore closes on day 28
There is the development of mesoderm afterwards- into paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm and lateral mesoderm. What does the paraxial mesoderm form?
Somite
What are teratogens
Give some examples
Factors causing birth defects
Cigarette, mercury, lead, caffeine, alcohol…
Intake of which substance prevents the Neural Tube Defects?
Folic acid
Name some neural tube closure defects
Caudal dysgenesis:
Cranial end fails to close:
Name some neural tube closure defects
Caudal dysgenesis: Mermaid syndrome, insufficient mesoderm underneath
Cranial end fails to close: Anencephaly, brain tissues forming abnormally and then degenerates
What is the maternal portion of placenta called
What is the fetal portion of placenta called
What is the maternal portion of placenta called- Decidua basalis
What is the fetal portion of placenta called- Chorion
For twins, the earlier the separation of the cell mass
They will have _______ chronic cavities and _______ amniotic cavities
For twins, the earlier the separation of the cell mass
They will have different chronic cavities and different amniotic cavities
Name 3 methods for birth defect detection
Ultrasonography
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villi sampling
How will triploidy be resulted?
Dispermic fertilization
Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:
- XO: ______ Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
- Trisomy 13-15: ______ Syndrome
- Trisomy 17-18: ______ Syndrome
- Trisomy 21: ______ Syndrome
Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:
- XO: Turner’s Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
- Trisomy 13-15: Patau’s Syndrome
- Trisomy 17-18: Edward’s Syndrome
- Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
(PED, Performance Enhancing Drugs)
Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:
- _______: Tumer’s Syndrome (what does the genotype mean?)
- _______: Patau’s Syndrome
- _______: Edward’s Syndrome
- _______: Down’s Syndrome
Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:
- XO: Tumer’s Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
- Trisomy 13-15: Patau’s Syndrome
- Trisomy 17-18: Edward’s Syndrome
- Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
(PED, Performance Enhancing Drugs)
Name the 3 periods
- _______________: First 2 weeks
- _______________: 3rd week to 8th week
- _______________: 9th week till birth
Name the 3 periods
- Germinal Period: First 2 weeks
- Embryonic Period: 3rd week to 8th week
- Fetal Period: 9th week till birth
