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MBBS IASM > IASM 40 41 42: Embryology Trash > Flashcards

IASM 40 41 42: Embryology Trash Flashcards

1
Q

When are the following periods

  • Germinal Period
  • Embryonic Period
  • Fetal Period
A
  • Germinal Period: First 2 weeks
  • Embryonic Period: 3rd week to 8th week
  • Fetal Period: 9th week till birth
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2
Q

What happens during the following periods

  • Germinal Period
  • Embryonic Period
  • Fetal Period
A
  • Germinal Period: Formation of 3 germ layers
  • Embryonic Period: Embryogenesis and Organogenesis
  • Fetal Period: Organ systems grow and mature
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3
Q

What is inner cell mass formed from

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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4
Q

What forms the 3 germ layers

A

Epiblast

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5
Q

What are the primordial germ cells derived from

A

Epiblast

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6
Q

The process of oogenesis:

  • Primordial germ cells form _______
  • Oogonium becomes __________ (arrest at _______ of ____________)
  • 1 cell becomes ___________ and another forms the primary ___________
  • Secondary oocyte enters _________ and arrests at _________
A

The process of oogenesis:

  • Primordial germ cells form oogonium
  • Oogonium becomes primary oocyte (arrest at prophase of meiosis division I)
  • 1 cell becomes secondary oocyte and another forms the primary polar body
  • Secondary oocyte enters meiotic division II and arrests at metaphase
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7
Q

In females, oocyte production starts at ______.

In males, spermatids production starts at _______.

A

In females, oocyte production starts at embryo age.

In males, spermatids production starts at puberty.

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8
Q

Immature sperms are called ________.

Mature sperms are called ________.

A

Immature sperms are called spermatids.

Mature sperms are called spermatozoa.

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9
Q

For sperms, the formation of acrosome is from…

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

What are the two layers that surrounds the female gamete

A 
Zona pellucida (Inner)
Corona radiata (Outer, cells-like)
Refer to IASM 40 41 42 notes for diagram
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11
Q

During fertilization
It stimulates the oocyte to complete ___________.
Also to produce ________________.

A

During fertilization
It stimulates the oocyte to complete meiotic division II.
Also to produce secondary polar body.

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12
Q

During fertilization
Acrosomal enzymes allow sperm to penetrate _______.
It causes ___________ to release contents.
Which causes ___________ to alter structure, ___________ to another sperm.

A

During fertilization
Acrosomal enzymes allow sperm to penetrate zona pellucida.
It causes cortical granules to release contents.
Which causes zona pellucida to alter structure, impenetrable to another sperm.

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13
Q

At the first stage of mitotic cell division after fertilization, there is repeated mitosis with little or no growth in early embryo. What is this stage called

A

Cleavage

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14
Q

In a morula, compaction occurs. Name 2 purposes for this

A

Clear distinct cells become cells with blurred boundary
Maximization of cell-cell contents and increase communication between cells
Formation of tight junctions

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15
Q

After morula, it divides into 2 layers to PREPARE for IMPLANTATION. Name them

A

Embryoblast

Trophoblast

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16
Q

After morula, it divides into 2 layers.
Embryoblast- What does it form? inner/outer?
Trophoblast- What does it form? inner/outer?

A

Embryoblast- Inner cell mass forming embryo

Trophoblast- Outer cell mass forming placenta

17
Q

After morula, it divides into 2 layers.
Embryoblast- Inner, forming embryo
Trophoblast- Outer, forming placenta

Trophoblast will further divide into 2 layers
Name them? Also what are their respective functions?

A

Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast- Anchors to uterine wall and secrete HCG

Refer to IASM 40 41 42 Diagram for details

18
Q

During gastrulation, there is the formation of trilaminar germ disc.
In the bilaminar stage, name the 2 layers from top to bottom.
In the trilaminar stage, name the 3 layers from top to bottom, and what are they derived from?

A

During gastrulation, there is the formation of trilaminar germ disc.
In the bilaminar stage, name the 2 layers from top to bottom- Epiblast, Hypoblast
In the trilaminar stage, name the 3 layers from top to bottom, and what are they derived from- Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm: All derived from epiblast

19
Q

In the beginning of gastrulation, epiblast cells will move towards the __________. This creates 2 layers, _______ cells will be displaced by ________ cells.

A

In the beginning of gastrulation, epiblast cells will move towards the primitive streak. This creates 2 layers, hypoblast cells will be displaced by epiblast cells.

20
Q 
On top of the epiblast. 
What is at the caudal region?
What is at the cranial region?
The cells migrate from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
What is it called?
A

What is at the caudal region- Primitive streak and Primitive Node, Cloacal Membrane
What is at the cranial region- Oropharyngeal membrane
The cells migrate from primitive node to the oropharyngeal membrane. (called primitive streak)

*Migrate from Caudal to Cranial (Alphabetical Order)
Again, refer to diagram on IASM 40 41 42 notes

21
Q

What growth factor is secreted by the primitive node?

It is concentrated on the ________ (which side)

A

Nodal

Concentrated on the left side

22
Q 
Three germ layers: 
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What will they form respectively?
A

Ectoderm- CNS, PNS, Skin, Eyes, Internal Ear
Mesoderm- Bones, Cardiovascular system, Connective Tissue, Urogenital System
Endoderm- Gut and gut derivatives

23
Q

During the organogenesis stage, what part of the neuroectoderm joins together after folding?

A

Somite

24
Q

Name 3 Growth Factors during the Organogenesis Stage

A

Wnt3a
BMPs
FGFs

25
Q

Which type of cells, are responsible and associated with many birth defects?

A

Neural Crest Cells

26
Q

Anterior neuropore closes on day ___

Posterior neuropore closes on day ___

A

Anterior neuropore closes on day 25

Posterior neuropore closes on day 28

27
Q

There is the development of mesoderm afterwards- into paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm and lateral mesoderm. What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somite

28
Q

What are teratogens

Give some examples

A

Factors causing birth defects

Cigarette, mercury, lead, caffeine, alcohol…

29
Q

Intake of which substance prevents the Neural Tube Defects?

A

Folic acid

30
Q

Name some neural tube closure defects
Caudal dysgenesis:
Cranial end fails to close:

A

Name some neural tube closure defects
Caudal dysgenesis: Mermaid syndrome, insufficient mesoderm underneath
Cranial end fails to close: Anencephaly, brain tissues forming abnormally and then degenerates

31
Q

What is the maternal portion of placenta called

What is the fetal portion of placenta called

A

What is the maternal portion of placenta called- Decidua basalis
What is the fetal portion of placenta called- Chorion

32
Q

For twins, the earlier the separation of the cell mass

They will have _______ chronic cavities and _______ amniotic cavities

A

For twins, the earlier the separation of the cell mass

They will have different chronic cavities and different amniotic cavities

33
Q

Name 3 methods for birth defect detection

A

Ultrasonography
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villi sampling

34
Q

How will triploidy be resulted?

A

Dispermic fertilization

35
Q

Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:

  • XO: ______ Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
  • Trisomy 13-15: ______ Syndrome
  • Trisomy 17-18: ______ Syndrome
  • Trisomy 21: ______ Syndrome
A

Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:

  • XO: Turner’s Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
  • Trisomy 13-15: Patau’s Syndrome
  • Trisomy 17-18: Edward’s Syndrome
  • Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome

(PED, Performance Enhancing Drugs)

36
Q

Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:

  • _______: Tumer’s Syndrome (what does the genotype mean?)
  • _______: Patau’s Syndrome
  • _______: Edward’s Syndrome
  • _______: Down’s Syndrome
A

Syndromes caused by abnormal cell division/ abnormal cell fertilization:

  • XO: Tumer’s Syndrome (Missing an X chromosome in female)
  • Trisomy 13-15: Patau’s Syndrome
  • Trisomy 17-18: Edward’s Syndrome
  • Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome

(PED, Performance Enhancing Drugs)

37
Q

Name the 3 periods

  • _______________: First 2 weeks
  • _______________: 3rd week to 8th week
  • _______________: 9th week till birth
A

Name the 3 periods

  • Germinal Period: First 2 weeks
  • Embryonic Period: 3rd week to 8th week
  • Fetal Period: 9th week till birth

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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