IASM 47: Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards
Which type of cell is most susceptible to ischemic injury
Neurones
Name 4 types of reversible injury
Intracellular Oedema
Fatty Change
Hyaline Degeneration
Intracellular Accumulations
Name 2 types of irreversible injury
Necrosis
Apoptosis
What is the appearance of intracellular oedema
Name 1
Individual cells swollen with water vacuoles
Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles
What are the 2 causes of intracellular oedema
Derangement of cell membrane
Excessive influx of Na+ into cell due to damage of Na/K ATP pump
What is the appearance of fatty change
Name 2
Accumulation of intracellular fat vacuoles
Displacement of nucleus
(Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles)
What is the most common cause of fatty change
Alcohol
What are the most common sites of fatty change
Heart muscle
Liver
Renal Tubule
What are the appearances of hyaline degeneration
Name 2
Homogenous glassy and translucent appearance
Eosinophilic, pink alteration
What is the most common cause of hyaline degeneration
Hypertension
What disease is commonly associated with hyaline degeneration
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
thick hyaline arteriole wall with narrow lumen
Name two common types of intracellular accumulations, and their respective colours
Lipofuscin- brown yellow
Haemosiderin- brown
Compare the 4 differences between Apoptosis and Necrosis
- Pathologic?
- Acute inflammation?
- Membrane intact?
- Cell size change?
Apoptosis VS Necrosis
Physiologic + Pathologic VS Only pathologic
No Acute Inflammation VS Yes Acute Inflammation
Membrane intact VS Membrane disrupted
Cell shrink VS Cell enlarged
Name two physiological causes of apoptosis
Normal cell turnover
Programmed cell destruction
Formation of Apoptosis:
- Genetic changes
- DNA __________
- Chromatin and Cytoplasm _________
- Formation of ______________
- Apoptotic bodies ______________ by _______
Formation of Apoptosis:
- Genetic changes
- DNA fragmentation
- Chromatin and Cytoplasm condensation
- Formation of apoptotic bodies
- Apoptotic bodies phagocytosed by macrophages
Steps of Necrosis:
- ___________: Nucleus Shrinks
- ___________: Nucleus becomes fragmented
- ___________: Nucleus becomes disappeared
Steps of Necrosis:
- Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
- Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
- Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared
Steps of Necrosis:
- Pyknosis: ___________
- Karyorrhexis: _________________
- Karyolysis: _________________
Steps of Necrosis:
- Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
- Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
- Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared
What is the cause of coagulative necrosis
Necrosis caused by deprivation of blood supply
What is the appearance of coagulative necrosis
Name 2
Cell outline preserved with loss of nucleus
Becomes an eosinophilic opaque tombstone
What is the appearance of liquefaction necrosis
Infarct of the brain
Process of Liquefaction Necrosis
- ______________ causing the loss of tissue structure
- _________________ arrive to remove cell debris
- ______________ occur in the brain
- Powerful hydrolytic enzymes causing the loss of tissue structure
- Macrophages arrive to remove cell debris
- Cystic spaces occur in the brain
Caseous Necrosis suggests which disease?
Tuberculosis
What is the appearance of caseous necrosis
Amorphous mass surrounded by granulomatous wall
There are two types of fat necrosis, name them
- Enzymatic
2. Traumatic
Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis
- __________ breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol
- Complexes with _______ to form _______
- Deposited as ____________
Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol
- Complexes with Calcium to form Soap
- Deposited as Chalky White Patches
Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis
- Lipids released from __________
- Promote __________ and __________ reaction
- Formation of ______________ mass
Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis
- Lipids released from fat cells
- Provoke chronic inflammatory and giant cell reaction
- Formation of hard indurated mass
What is the appearance of Fibrinoid Necrosis
Try Name 2
Tissue death accompanied by fibrin deposit
Rheumatoid Nodules
Consequences of Necrosis:
Name 3
Consequences of Necrosis:
- Release of cellular contents
- Organ system failure (e.g. emphysema leading to lung failure)
- Gangrene leading to disability (death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow)
What is autophagy
AN adaptative response during nutrient deprivation
Lysosomal digestion of cell’s own compartments
