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MBBS IASM > IASM 47: Cell Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

IASM 47: Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of cell is most susceptible to ischemic injury

A

Neurones

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2
Q

Name 4 types of reversible injury

A

Intracellular Oedema
Fatty Change
Hyaline Degeneration
Intracellular Accumulations

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3
Q

Name 2 types of irreversible injury

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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4
Q

What is the appearance of intracellular oedema

Name 1

A

Individual cells swollen with water vacuoles

Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles

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5
Q

What are the 2 causes of intracellular oedema

A

Derangement of cell membrane

Excessive influx of Na+ into cell due to damage of Na/K ATP pump

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6
Q

What is the appearance of fatty change

Name 2

A

Accumulation of intracellular fat vacuoles
Displacement of nucleus

(Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles)

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of fatty change

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

What are the most common sites of fatty change

A

Heart muscle
Liver
Renal Tubule

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9
Q

What are the appearances of hyaline degeneration

Name 2

A

Homogenous glassy and translucent appearance

Eosinophilic, pink alteration

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of hyaline degeneration

A

Hypertension

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11
Q

What disease is commonly associated with hyaline degeneration

A

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

thick hyaline arteriole wall with narrow lumen

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12
Q

Name two common types of intracellular accumulations, and their respective colours

A

Lipofuscin- brown yellow

Haemosiderin- brown

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13
Q

Compare the 4 differences between Apoptosis and Necrosis

  • Pathologic?
  • Acute inflammation?
  • Membrane intact?
  • Cell size change?
A

Apoptosis VS Necrosis
Physiologic + Pathologic VS Only pathologic
No Acute Inflammation VS Yes Acute Inflammation
Membrane intact VS Membrane disrupted
Cell shrink VS Cell enlarged

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14
Q

Name two physiological causes of apoptosis

A

Normal cell turnover

Programmed cell destruction

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15
Q

Formation of Apoptosis:

  1. Genetic changes
  2. DNA __________
  3. Chromatin and Cytoplasm _________
  4. Formation of ______________
  5. Apoptotic bodies ______________ by _______
A

Formation of Apoptosis:

  1. Genetic changes
  2. DNA fragmentation
  3. Chromatin and Cytoplasm condensation
  4. Formation of apoptotic bodies
  5. Apoptotic bodies phagocytosed by macrophages
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16
Q

Steps of Necrosis:

  1. ___________: Nucleus Shrinks
  2. ___________: Nucleus becomes fragmented
  3. ___________: Nucleus becomes disappeared
A

Steps of Necrosis:

  1. Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
  2. Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
  3. Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared
17
Q

Steps of Necrosis:

  1. Pyknosis: ___________
  2. Karyorrhexis: _________________
  3. Karyolysis: _________________
A

Steps of Necrosis:

  1. Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
  2. Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
  3. Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared
18
Q

What is the cause of coagulative necrosis

A

Necrosis caused by deprivation of blood supply

19
Q

What is the appearance of coagulative necrosis

Name 2

A

Cell outline preserved with loss of nucleus

Becomes an eosinophilic opaque tombstone

20
Q

What is the appearance of liquefaction necrosis

A

Infarct of the brain

21
Q

Process of Liquefaction Necrosis

  1. ______________ causing the loss of tissue structure
  2. _________________ arrive to remove cell debris
  3. ______________ occur in the brain
A
  1. Powerful hydrolytic enzymes causing the loss of tissue structure
  2. Macrophages arrive to remove cell debris
  3. Cystic spaces occur in the brain
22
Q

Caseous Necrosis suggests which disease?

A

Tuberculosis

23
Q

What is the appearance of caseous necrosis

A

Amorphous mass surrounded by granulomatous wall

24
Q

There are two types of fat necrosis, name them

A
  1. Enzymatic

2. Traumatic

25
Q

Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis

  1. __________ breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol
  2. Complexes with _______ to form _______
  3. Deposited as ____________
A

Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis

  1. Pancreatic lipase breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol
  2. Complexes with Calcium to form Soap
  3. Deposited as Chalky White Patches
26
Q

Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis

  1. Lipids released from __________
  2. Promote __________ and __________ reaction
  3. Formation of ______________ mass
A

Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis

  1. Lipids released from fat cells
  2. Provoke chronic inflammatory and giant cell reaction
  3. Formation of hard indurated mass
27
Q

What is the appearance of Fibrinoid Necrosis

Try Name 2

A

Tissue death accompanied by fibrin deposit

Rheumatoid Nodules

28
Q

Consequences of Necrosis:

Name 3

A

Consequences of Necrosis:

  1. Release of cellular contents
  2. Organ system failure (e.g. emphysema leading to lung failure)
  3. Gangrene leading to disability (death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow)
29
Q

What is autophagy

A

AN adaptative response during nutrient deprivation

Lysosomal digestion of cell’s own compartments

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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