(OLD) 24/10/2021 Flashcards
The term for increased stimulation or demand
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
The term for decreased nutrition or stimulation
Atrophy
What are prions?
Mis-folded proteins that can induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins
What is the term for single-celled fungi?
Yeast
What is the term for multicellular fungi?
Filamentous Moulds
What is the term for single-celled parasites?
Protozoans
What is the term for multicellular parasites?
Helminth
Types of direct transmission for communicable diseases?
Direct contact
Droplet
Types of indirect transmission for communicable diseases?
Airborne: Fine sized dust or droplet nuclei that remain suspended in air for long period of time
Vehicle: Food/ Blood
Vector-borne: Mosquitoes/ Fleas
Define Statutory notifiable diseases
medical practitioners are required by law to notify Director of Health of any suspected or confirmed cases of notifiable infectious disease
Define Sentinel surveillance
private practitioners may report weekly consultation rate on influenza-like illness
What is endemic?
The constance presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group
Zoonosis
Diseases spread within animals
Herd immunity threshold formula
[(Râ‚€-1)/Râ‚€]
Incubation Period
Time interval between exposure and appearance of symptoms
Prodromal period
Period when nonspecific symptoms occur; Not all infection have
Specific illness period
Characteristic features of an infectious disease occur
Decline period
Symptoms are resolving
Convalescence period
Recover from illness
Order of the 5 periods
Incubation Prodromal Specific Illnesses Decline Convalescence
Gram positive- colour
Violet
Gram negative- colour
pink
Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Spore forming
Bacillus
Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Non-spore forming
Listeria
Corynebacterium
Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: Spore-forming
Clostridium
Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: non-spore forming
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Cocci: Gram positive
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Cocci: Gram negative
Neisseria
Staphylococcus aureus
Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?
facultative anaerobic
For catalase activity, what is the difference between staphylococcus and streptococcus?
Staphylococcus is catalase positive
Streptococcus is catalase negative
Between the different staphylococci, which of them are coagulase positive and coagulase negative?
Staphylococcus aureus: positive
Staphylococcus epidermidis: negative
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: negative
Coagulase positive: what does it specify?
It converts fibrinogen to fibrin in blood, prevent phagocytosis
Coagulase test: what is positive result?
Precipitate forms
What virulence factor is responsible for attachment of staphylococcus aureus?
Teichoic acid
The ‘sticks’ sticking out from the membrane
What is function of protein A in staphylococcus aureus?
react with Fc of IgG and antibody cannot function: anti-phagocytic
What disease will Epidermolytic toxins cause?
scalded skin syndrome
What are the transmission route for SA?
direct contact
Pyogenic disease of SA?
Folliculitis => Furuncle => Carbuncle
Other pyogenic diseases of SA?
Osteomyelitis
Arthurtis
Pneumonia
Infective endocarditis
Toxic mediated diseases of SA?
Scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning
Antibiotics for SA?
penicillin
methicillin
cloxacillin
vancomycin
Where does neisseria live?
White blood cells
Describe neisseria
Gram negative diplococci
Neisseria is ____________ positive
Cytochrome oxidase
Name the structure for attachment for neisseria?
Pili
Fimbriae
Structure responsible for anti-phagocytic properties of neisseria?
Capsule
Neisseria:
Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?
Strictly aerobic
Name another virulence factor apart from pili or capsule in neisseria
Lipo-oligosaccharide
Name the clinical diseases of neisseria gonorrhoeae?
- Urethritis in men (pus come out from penis)
- Endocervicitis in women
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Proctitis (rectum: anal sex)
- Pharyngitis: oral sex
- Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
How is Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum caused?
When a child is born, he passes through the uterus of mother, and her eyes got infected
What is latent infection?
Pathogen is dormant or inactive
No disease but pathogen not eradicated
Periodic reactivation
What is chronic infection?
The level of virus does not increase or decrease
Pathogen, Non-pathogen, Normal host, Abnormal host
Pathogen+Normal host: Infection
Non-pathogen+Normal host: No infection
Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection
Non-Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection
How to confirm the presence of a certain microbe?
by PCR
What test is used to screen TB?
Mantoux Test
How does viruses work? 3 ways
Cytolysis- Directly secrete toxins
Immunopathological Damage- PAMP Receptors
Oncogenesis- Integrate into viral genome
Why does the gram positive bacteria appear blue?
Thick peptidoglycan layer can trap the purplish blue gram complex
What ring does penicillinase break?
Beta Lactam Ring
The term for exchange of plasmid DNA containing antibiotic resistance genes through sex pili?
Conjugation
Function of the flagella
Motility
Penicillin inhibits ____________ synthesis
Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
Peptidoglycan layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive bacteria
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan
Linear strands made up of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Strands are cross-linked by short peptides
Outer membrane is present in gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria
Safranin stains gram positive bacteria _______ and gram negative bacteria _______
Purple; Red
Escherichia Coli is gram positive or negative?
Gram negative
Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin): Name the 3 structures
core oligosaccharide, O-specific side chain, lipid A
