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MBBS IASM > (OLD) 24/10/2021 > Flashcards

(OLD) 24/10/2021 Flashcards

1
Q

The term for increased stimulation or demand

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

The term for decreased nutrition or stimulation

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

What are prions?

A

Mis-folded proteins that can induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins

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4
Q

What is the term for single-celled fungi?

A

Yeast

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5
Q

What is the term for multicellular fungi?

A

Filamentous Moulds

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6
Q

What is the term for single-celled parasites?

A

Protozoans

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7
Q

What is the term for multicellular parasites?

A

Helminth

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8
Q

Types of direct transmission for communicable diseases?

A

Direct contact

Droplet

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9
Q

Types of indirect transmission for communicable diseases?

A

Airborne: Fine sized dust or droplet nuclei that remain suspended in air for long period of time
Vehicle: Food/ Blood
Vector-borne: Mosquitoes/ Fleas

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10
Q

Define Statutory notifiable diseases

A

medical practitioners are required by law to notify Director of Health of any suspected or confirmed cases of notifiable infectious disease

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11
Q

Define Sentinel surveillance

A

private practitioners may report weekly consultation rate on influenza-like illness

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12
Q

What is endemic?

A

The constance presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

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13
Q

Zoonosis

A

Diseases spread within animals

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14
Q

Herd immunity threshold formula

A

[(Râ‚€-1)/Râ‚€]

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15
Q

Incubation Period

A

Time interval between exposure and appearance of symptoms

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16
Q

Prodromal period

A

Period when nonspecific symptoms occur; Not all infection have

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17
Q

Specific illness period

A

Characteristic features of an infectious disease occur

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18
Q

Decline period

A

Symptoms are resolving

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19
Q

Convalescence period

A

Recover from illness

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20
Q

Order of the 5 periods

A 
Incubation
Prodromal
Specific Illnesses
Decline
Convalescence
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21
Q

Gram positive- colour

A

Violet

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22
Q

Gram negative- colour

A

pink

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23
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Spore forming

A

Bacillus

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24
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Non-spore forming

A

Listeria

Corynebacterium

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25
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: Spore-forming

A

Clostridium

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26
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: non-spore forming

A

Lactobacillus

Bifidobacterium

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27
Q

Cocci: Gram positive

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

28
Q

Cocci: Gram negative

A

Neisseria

29
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?

A

facultative anaerobic

30
Q

For catalase activity, what is the difference between staphylococcus and streptococcus?

A

Staphylococcus is catalase positive

Streptococcus is catalase negative

31
Q

Between the different staphylococci, which of them are coagulase positive and coagulase negative?

A

Staphylococcus aureus: positive
Staphylococcus epidermidis: negative
Staphylococcus saprophyticus: negative

32
Q

Coagulase positive: what does it specify?

A

It converts fibrinogen to fibrin in blood, prevent phagocytosis

33
Q

Coagulase test: what is positive result?

A

Precipitate forms

34
Q

What virulence factor is responsible for attachment of staphylococcus aureus?

A

Teichoic acid

The ‘sticks’ sticking out from the membrane

35
Q

What is function of protein A in staphylococcus aureus?

A

react with Fc of IgG and antibody cannot function: anti-phagocytic

36
Q

What disease will Epidermolytic toxins cause?

A

scalded skin syndrome

37
Q

What are the transmission route for SA?

A

direct contact

38
Q

Pyogenic disease of SA?

A

Folliculitis => Furuncle => Carbuncle

39
Q

Other pyogenic diseases of SA?

A

Osteomyelitis
Arthurtis
Pneumonia
Infective endocarditis

40
Q

Toxic mediated diseases of SA?

A

Scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning

41
Q

Antibiotics for SA?

A

penicillin
methicillin
cloxacillin
vancomycin

42
Q

Where does neisseria live?

A

White blood cells

43
Q

Describe neisseria

A

Gram negative diplococci

44
Q

Neisseria is ____________ positive

A

Cytochrome oxidase

45
Q

Name the structure for attachment for neisseria?

A

Pili

Fimbriae

46
Q

Structure responsible for anti-phagocytic properties of neisseria?

A

Capsule

47
Q

Neisseria:

Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?

A

Strictly aerobic

48
Q

Name another virulence factor apart from pili or capsule in neisseria

A

Lipo-oligosaccharide

49
Q

Name the clinical diseases of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  • Urethritis in men (pus come out from penis)
  • Endocervicitis in women
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Proctitis (rectum: anal sex)
  • Pharyngitis: oral sex
  • Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
50
Q

How is Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum caused?

A

When a child is born, he passes through the uterus of mother, and her eyes got infected

51
Q

What is latent infection?

A

Pathogen is dormant or inactive
No disease but pathogen not eradicated
Periodic reactivation

52
Q

What is chronic infection?

A

The level of virus does not increase or decrease

53
Q

Pathogen, Non-pathogen, Normal host, Abnormal host

A

Pathogen+Normal host: Infection

Non-pathogen+Normal host: No infection

Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection

Non-Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection

54
Q

How to confirm the presence of a certain microbe?

A

by PCR

55
Q

What test is used to screen TB?

A

Mantoux Test

56
Q

How does viruses work? 3 ways

A

Cytolysis- Directly secrete toxins
Immunopathological Damage- PAMP Receptors
Oncogenesis- Integrate into viral genome

57
Q

Why does the gram positive bacteria appear blue?

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer can trap the purplish blue gram complex

58
Q

What ring does penicillinase break?

A

Beta Lactam Ring

59
Q

The term for exchange of plasmid DNA containing antibiotic resistance genes through sex pili?

A

Conjugation

60
Q

Function of the flagella

A

Motility

61
Q

Penicillin inhibits ____________ synthesis

A

Cell wall (peptidoglycan)

62
Q

Peptidoglycan layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria

63
Q

Describe the structure of peptidoglycan

A

Linear strands made up of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Strands are cross-linked by short peptides

64
Q

Outer membrane is present in gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria

65
Q

Safranin stains gram positive bacteria _______ and gram negative bacteria _______

A

Purple; Red

66
Q

Escherichia Coli is gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

67
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin): Name the 3 structures

A

core oligosaccharide, O-specific side chain, lipid A

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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