Notes on Roy's Antimicrobials Slides Flashcards
Penicillins not inactivated by Staphylococcal beta-lactamases
Flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin
Is flucloxacillin effective against MRSA?
No
Differing spectrum among 1st-4th generations of cephalosporins
1st generation are effective against G+ bacteria.
As generations increase, G+ spectrum decreases and G- spectrum increases.
As generations increase, beta-lactamase resistance increases
Bacterial groups resistant to all cephalosporins
1)
2)
3)
1) MRSA
2) Enterococci
3) Bacteroides fragilis
Antimicrobials used to treat bacterial meningitis
3rd generation cephalosporins.
These have excellent CSF penetration
Anti-pseudomonal antimicrobials
Ticarcillin, piperacillin
Spectrum of flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin
Narrow. Anti-Staphylococcal
Amoxycillin, ampicillin spectra
Broad spectrum, but beta-lactamase susceptible
Common targets of amoxycillin and ampicillin
G- rods.
Enterococci.
Listeria
Carbapenems
Very broad-spectrum beta lactams.
Given parenterally
Main use of aminoglycosides
G- infections
Example of a G- bacterium that aminoglycosides are ineffective against
Salmonella, as this is an intracellular pathogen
Toxicity of aminoglycosides
High.
Nephro-, ototoxic
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside, rarely used today except for TB (rarely)
Gentamycin and tobramycin
Aminoglycosides.
Wide G- spectrum.
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside.
Broader spectrum than gentamycin, but more expensive
Quinolones
Bactericidal
Inhibit topoisomerase II, which allows transcription and translation.
Anti-Pseudomonas quinolone
Ciprofloxacin
Caution with use of quinolones
Animalstudies indicate that they can damage growing joints, so care when prescribing to children
Macrolides
Large lactone ring
Binds 50S subunit of RNA, preventing ribosomal translocation.
Bacteriostatic, but can be bacteriocidal at high concentrations.
What are macrolides used for?
G+ cocci.
Intracellular pathogens such as TB, chlamydia, legionella.
Examples of macrolides
Erythromycin, azythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Inhibits peptidyl transferase activity of bacterial ribosome, preventing chain elongation.
Quite toxic.
Used to treat Salmonella typhi
Trimethoprim
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.
Affinity for bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is several thousand times that of human.
DFR involved in formation of thymidine from folate.
Interferes with DNA synthesis
Tetracyclines
Bind reversibly to 30S ribosome subunit.
Blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosome binding site.
What is metronidazole used to treat?
C. difficile.
Protozoal infections