104 - Development 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency of birth defects

A

~1:33 live births

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2
Q

Most-common structural defects

A

Heart defects (~1:200)

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3
Q

Rate of initial division of fertilised egg

A

Division every 24 hours

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4
Q

Stage of development at 3 days

A

Morula (16 cells)

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5
Q

Stage of development at 4 days

A

Blastocyst undergoes cavitation to form a blastocoele

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6
Q

Where is the egg fertilised?

A

Fallopian tube

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7
Q

Morula

A

16-cell stage, at around 3 days

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8
Q

Arrangement of cells in a blastocyst

A

Two cell types: trophoblast (outer epithelial layer), inner cell mass (that becomes the embryo). Trophoblast forms a ring around the inner cell mass and the blastocoele

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9
Q

What does the trophoblast do?

A

Forms some extraembryonic structures like the placenta.

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10
Q

When does the blastocyst implant into the uterine wall?

A

5 - 10 days

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11
Q

Formation of bilaminar disc 1 2 3

A

1) Inner cell mass splits into the epiblast and hypoblast. 2)Part of the epiblast becomes the embryo. 3) Hypoblast expands to line interior of trophoblast to form the yolk sac.

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12
Q

Role of the yolk sac in humans

A

Not much. Doesn’t fill with yolk, embryo relies on maternal supply of nutrients.

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm from bilaminar disc (epiblast layer).

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14
Q

Broad derivatives of ectoderm

A

Nervous system and epidermis

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15
Q

Broad derivatives of mesoderm

A

Blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, most bones, connective tissues

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16
Q

Broad definition of endoderm

A

Epithelium of gut and associated organs

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17
Q

Neural tube formation 1 2 3 4

A

1) Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to form neural plate 2) Neural plate forms neural groove 3) Neural plate folds around groove to form neural tube 4) Neural tube is formed, with neural crest sandwiched between neural tube and epidermis

18
Q

Notochord

A

Formed from mesoderm. First structure to form in an embryo, runs down midline of developing embryo.

19
Q

Role of notochord

A

Organisation of embryo

20
Q

*Neural tube formation

A
21
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A

Largely PNS. • Dorsal root ganglia • Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia • Enteric ganglia • Schwann cells • Melanocytes • Dentine • Muscle, cartilage and bone of skull, jaws, face and pharynx

22
Q

Prevalence of cleft palate

A

1:1000 live births

23
Q

How does cleft palate come about?

A

Issue with migration of neural crest cells.

24
Q

Mesodermal derivatives

A

• Dermis • Muscles • Skeleton • Urogenital tract • Heart and blood vessels • Wall of gut and respiratory tract • Haemopoietic tissue • Pleura, peritoneum, pericardium

25
Q

Difference between mesoderm and mesenchyme

A

Mesoderm is one of the three germ layers. Mesenchyme refers to the shape and behaviour of cells. Used in contrast to epithelial cells (epithelial cells crowd together, form sheets, mesenchymal cells lose contact with one another, move independently, are motile).

26
Q

Divisions of mesoderm 1 2 3

A

1) Paraxial mesoderm (closest to midline) 2) Intermediate mesoderm 3) Lateral mesoderm (further from midline)

27
Q

Fate of paraxial mesoderm

A

• Dermis of skin • Axial skeleton • Axial and limb muscles

28
Q

Fate of intermediate mesoderm

A

Urogenital system

29
Q

Fate of lateral mesoderm

A

• Ventrolateral body wall • Limb skeleton • Visceral pleura, peritoneum • Blood vessels and blood forming tissue • Heart • Wall of gut and respiratory tissues

30
Q

Organisation of paraxial mesoderm

A

• Swellings (somitomeres) appear progressively down length of paraxial mesoderm • At the 20 somitomere stage, the eighth pair of somitomeres becomes an independent pair of somites • Somitomeres are replaced by somites from the 8th somite caudally.

31
Q

Somites

A

Somitomeres become independent from paraxial mesoderm from the 8th somitomeres caudally, become somites.

32
Q

Where is the 8th somitomere?

A

Equivalent of the neck. Above this becomes the head, below becomes the rest of the body

33
Q

*Development of somites 1 2

A

1) Somites split into sclerotome and dermomyotome.
2) Dermomyotome develops into dermatome and myotome.

34
Q

What do the divisions of somites become? 1 2 3

A

1) Sclerotome becomes axial skeleton 2) Dermatome becomes dermis of skin 3) Myotome becomes axial muscles, appendicular muscles

35
Q

What forms the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?

A

Sclerotome (from paraxial mesoderm) becomes axial skeleton. Lateral mesoderm becomes appendicular skeleton

36
Q

When does limb development begin?

A

End of fourth week of development

37
Q

What initiates limb development?

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

How do limb dermatomes come about?

A

When limb is budding, it pulls overlying ectoderm with it.

39
Q

How does the mesoderm form a limb? 1 2 3

A

1) Mesoderm forms a free limb patch, which will become a limb. 2) If free limb patch is removed, surrounding cells will compensate. 3) If whole patch is removed, no limb will develop

40
Q

Limb development 1 2 3

A

1) Mesoderm forms free limb patch, which begins limb development. 2) Overlying ectoderm forms apical ectodermal ridge, takes over limb development. 3) Damage to ectoderm can result in issues in limb development (EG: diplopodia). Ectoderm is fragile, relatively easy to mechanically injure.

41
Q

Name for developmental fusion of fingers

A

Syndactyly