157 - Adverse Drug Reactions Flashcards

1
Q
Risk factors for adverse drug reactions
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A
• History of a previous ADR
• Pharmacodynamics:
– Target selectivity
– Target distribution
• Pharmacokinetics:
– Impairment of the organs of excretion (hepatic or
renal dysfunction)
– Extremes of age
– Polypharmacy
• Drug-interactions
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2
Q
Examples of drugs with a low therapeutic index
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A
  • Anticoagulants
  • Cardiac glycosides
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Lithium
  • Hypoglycaemics
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3
Q

Dose-dependent adverse drug reactions
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A

Side Effects
Overdose Effects
Idiosyncratic Effects

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4
Q

Non-dose-dependent adverse drug reactions

A

Hypersensitivity

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5
Q

Features of side-effects
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  • Occur at therapeutic levels
  • Frequent, non-deleterious, predictable
  • On-target action but target at multiple sites
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6
Q

Example of a side effect from on-target action, at a site different to the one intended

A

Beta-adrenoceptor agonists/antagonists affect the heart and airways

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7
Q

Examples of on target side effects
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1) Aspirin - desired response is analgesia, can have gastric bleeding
2) Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists - desired response is hypertension treatment, can exacerbate asthma
3) Adrenaline - desired effect is to localise anaesthetic solutions, but can cause cardiac excitability

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8
Q

Examples of drugs that have on-target side effects from action at multiple sites
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A

1) Beta adrenoceptor agonists/antagonists

2) Muscarinic receptor antagonists

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9
Q

Examples of drugs with off-target action, leading to side-effects

A

1) Tricyclics (from poor selectivity)

2) Antihistamines (from metabolism, EG terfenadine)

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10
Q

Terfenadine
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–Histamine H1 receptor antagonist for seasonal allergic rhinitis
–Almost 0% bioavailability
•Converted to active metabolite fexofenadine by P450 enzyme, CYP-34A.

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11
Q

When can Terfenadine be dangerous?
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A
•Grapefruit juice
–Contains dihydroxybergammotin that inhibits CYP-34A.
•Terfenadine + Grapefruit juice
–Life-threatening ventricular arrythmia
–Terfenadine becomes bioavailable
•Also inhibits K+ channels
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12
Q

Example of two drugs that inhibit CYP450 enzymes

A

Erythromycin, ketoconazole

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13
Q

Example of a drug that stimulates CYP450 enzymes

A

Dexamethasone

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14
Q
Overdose
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A
  • Occur when drug accumulates in the plasma
  • Drugs with low therapeutic index
  • ‘Infrequent’ side effects of other drugs
  • Wrong dose
  • Underlying problem (metabolism/excretion) patient history
  • Drug interaction
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15
Q

Example of a fatal drug overdose

A

Atropine - delirium, coma, death

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16
Q

Example of a drug that causes pathological damage on overdose

A

Paracetamol

17
Q

Example of a drug with immunosuppressive effects in overdose

A

Corticosteroids

18
Q

Example of a drug that leads to dysrhythmia in overdose

A

Digoxin (used to treat heart failure)

19
Q
Idiosyncratic drug effects
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  • Infrequent
  • Qualitatively abnormal response
  • Dose-dependent
  • Genetically determined
  • Alteration in metabolism
20
Q

Example of a drug with idiosyncratic effects

A

Codeine.

Slowed metabolism by CYP2D6 to morphine (decreasing CYP2D6 increases rate of metabolism of codeine to morphine)

21
Q

Example of a drug that is altered in metabolism, leading to a idiosyncratic effects.

A

Suxamethonium (a nicotinic ACh inhibitor, used as a muscle relaxant).

Pseudocholinesterase degrades suxamethonium. If pseudocholinesterase is absent or deficient, then suxamethonium has greater effect than expected.

22
Q
Examples of drugs that stimulate a type I hypersensitivity
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A

Penicillins, lignocaine, atropine, aspirin

23
Q

Examples of drugs that stimulate a type II hypersensitivity
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Sulphonamides, Penicillins.

Halothane - liver damage

24
Q

Examples of drugs that can stimulate a type IV hypersensitivity
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A
  • Penicillins

- Mercury, latex

25
Q

Examples of drugs that can stimulate a type III hypersensitivity

A

Antivenoms, antisera (serum sickness)

26
Q

Side effects of atropine

A
  • anti-Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation

* context specific

27
Q

Overdose effects of atropine

A

Blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, sedation,death.

28
Q

Idiosyncratic effects of atropine

A

Slowed metabolism

29
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions to atropine

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“Red eye” Type I allergic response.

From use of atropine as a topical agent to dilate the pupil.

30
Q

What counters the reactive intermediate generated by paracetamol in the liver?

A

Glutathione

31
Q

When does paracetamol begin damaging the liver?

A

When the concentration is high enough that glutathione is overwhelmed in the liver, cause damage to hepatocytes

32
Q

How can someone be sensitised to antibiotics that they’ve never been prescribed?

A

Widespread antibiotic use in the food chain

33
Q

Halothane

A

An old general anaesthetic