65 - CF, PKU, Other Common Single-Gene Defects Flashcards

1
Q

Who pioneered the field of inborn metabolic errors

A

Archibald Edward Garrod

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2
Q

Genetic disease with greatest disease burden in Australia

A

Cystic fibrosis

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3
Q

First genetic disease to be tested for at birth, and treated.

A

Phenylketonuria

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4
Q

Common technique involved in genetic testing

A

PCR

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5
Q

Inheritance of gout

A

Autosomal dominant

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6
Q

Disease where someone can’t recycle purines

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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7
Q

Lesch-Nyhan

A

Genetic disease where patient can’t recycle purines.

Self-mutilate (eat nose, lips)

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8
Q

Acromegaly

A

Grow very large, very prominent jaw.

From pituitary gland secreting GH into adulthood

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9
Q

Syndrome with extreme flexibility

A

Ehlers Danlos syndrome (defect in collagen)

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10
Q

Alkaptonuria
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Lack of homogentisic dioxygenase. Can’t break down toxic homogentisic acid.
2) Darkening of urine from yellow to black after exposed to air
3) Develop arthritis later in life, characterised by deposition of brown pigment in joint cartilage and connective tissue.

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11
Q

Mendel’s first law

A

People have two copies of a gene for a characteristic

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12
Q

Phenotype of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Male

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13
Q

Example of a trait with incomplete dominance

A

Whether hair is straight, curly or wavy

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14
Q

Mutations leading to colour blindness

A

Mutations in coneopsins or rhodopsins.

Short-, medium and long-wavelength genes.

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15
Q

Inheritance pattern of the most common red-green colourblindness

A

X-linked recessive

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16
Q
Examples of X-linked recessive conditions
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
2) Haemophilia A
3) Leisch-Nyhan syndrome
4) Male pattern baldness

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17
Q

Mendel’s second law

A

Different characteristics are inherited independently

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18
Q

Difference between congenital and genetic conditions

A

Congenital is a condition present at birth, that doesn’t have to have a genetic basis, EG: (S)-thalidomide

19
Q

Phenylketanuria prevalence

A

1/14,000 births in Australia.

1/60 are carriers

20
Q
Effect of not treating PKU in first few weeks of life 
1)
2) 
3)
4)
A

1) Mental retardation
2) Seizures
3) Tremors
4) Behavioural defects

21
Q

Test for PKU at birth

A

Guthrie test.

Heel prick gives blood, which is tested for phenylpyruvate

22
Q

What causes PKU?

A

Lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase.

23
Q

Result of lacking phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

Body can’t convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
This drives conversion of phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate, which builds up in the brain, causing brain damage.
Inhibits tyrosinase, which can make melanin

24
Q

Why can PKU children be blonde, even without blonde parents?

A

PKU causes phenylpyruvate buildup, which can inhibit tyrosinase, which makes melanin

25
Q

CF prevalence in Australia

A

1/2,500 live births

26
Q

How is CF diagnosed at birth?

A
Guthrie test (heel prick), testing for elevated immunoreactive trypsin (secreted by the pancreas).
This detects ~90% of CF cases.

Diagnosed with sweat test (elevated NaCl–>CF)

27
Q

Most common defect leading to CF

A

Delta F508

28
Q

Chromosome where CFTR is

A

Chromosome 7

29
Q

CFTR size

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is 250, 000bp, with 27 exons.
Protein is 168,173 daltons.

30
Q

Amino acid profile of human skin

A

33% glycine
22.2% proline
11% alanine

31
Q

Why does human skin have the amino acid profile 33% glycine, 22.2% proline and 11% alanine?

A

Sequence of most collagens involves the repeating sequence Gly-Pro-Ala

32
Q

What do glycines do in collagen?

A

Point to the middle of the tri-helix.

33
Q

Disease where glycine is no longer stacked in the middle of a collagen trihelix

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

34
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Glycine at position 748 of collagen gene mutates to cysteine.
Glycine no longer stacks in middle of the trihelix, interfering with strand alignment.
Main symptom is brittle bones

35
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome prevalence

A

1 in 10,000

36
Q

Syndrome involving bone overgrowth, joint laxity, excessively long extremities for the trunk

A

Marfan syndrome

37
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1) is mutated.
Fibrillin no longer deposited in ECM, no longer helps build microfibrils, which become part of elastic fibres.
Bone overgrowth, joint laxity, excessively long extremities proportional to the trunk.

38
Q

Gene deficiency leading to albinism

A

Tyrosinase (can’t produce melanin)

39
Q

Role of tyrosinase

A
Makes DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine).
Melanin is a derivative of these structures.
40
Q

Number of Hb variants known

A

Over 800

41
Q

Effect of most Hb variants

A

Silent.

42
Q

Point mutation leading to sickle cell anaemia

A

CTT changed to CAT, which results in a valine instead of a glutamic acid.

43
Q

Effect of glutamic acid -> valine change in Hb beta chain

A

Sickle-cell anaemia

Valine is hydrophobic, binds to a hydrophobic pocket present on deoxyhaemoglobin, forms insoluble aggregates.

44
Q

Porphyria

A

Mutation in gene of one of the enzymes involved in converting delta-aminolevulinate to haem (porphyrin metabolism).
Leads to loss of haem negative feedback (as haem isn’t being produced).
Buildup can cause photosensitivity, neuropathy, abdominal pain, paleness