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1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 > 118 - Liver and Pancreas Histology > Flashcards

118 - Liver and Pancreas Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the liver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A

1) Major glycogen store 2) Gluconeogenesis 3) Cholesterol synthesis 4) Lipoprotein synthesis 5) Ketone body synthesis 6) Production of all blood proteins except antibodies 7) Makes all non-essential amino acids 8) Detoxifies metabolic wastes 9) Iron storage for haemoglobin 10) Destroys hormones 11) Destroys toxins 12) Bile production

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2
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Breakdown of lactic acid, amino acids, glycerol to glucose

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3
Q

Example of a metabolic waste detoxified by the liver

A

Ammonia. Converted to urea by the liver.

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4
Q

Shape of hepatocytes

A

Polyhedral (six surfaces). Around 25micrometers across

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5
Q

Internal structure of hepatocytes 1 2 3 4

A

1) One or two nuclei. Many cells are tetraploid or polyploid 2) Prominent rough ER, Golgi complexes, vesicles for protein synthesis, transport 3) Prominent smooth ER for fat metabolism 4) Many mitochondria

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6
Q

Which cell type are hepatocytes?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

Hepatocyte lifespan

A

~150 days

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8
Q

Replacement of hepatocytes

A

Replaced by divisions of existing hepatocytes

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9
Q

Percentage of liver weight that is hepatocyte

A

75%

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10
Q

Organisation of hepatocytes in the liver

A

Organised around blood vessels

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11
Q

Name for thin capsule around liver, blood vessels and ducts

A

Glisson’s capsule

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12
Q

Connective tissue in the liver 1 2

A

1) Glisson’s capsule (around liver, blood vessels and ducts) 2) Hepatocytes are supported by reticular fibres (type III collagen)

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13
Q

Organisational units of hepatocytes

A

Lobules

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14
Q

Liver lobules

A

Stacks of hepatocytes in plates. ~0.7x2mm in size Kinda hexagonal crystal shape

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15
Q

Blood vessels associated with a lobule

A

Central vein runs through middle Portal triads on edges

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16
Q

Portal triads 1 2 3 4

A

1) Two blood vessels and a duct 2) A branch of the hepatic portal vein (blood from gut) 3) Branch of hepatic artery (to oxygenate blood) 4) Supplies multiple lobules

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17
Q

How do portal triads and central vein interact?

A

Vein and artery in portal triads give rise to sinusoids, which flow into the middle of the lobule, into the central vein.

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18
Q

Sinusoids

A

Network of branches from portal triads (on the exterior of lobules) to the central vein of a lobule.

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19
Q

Type of blood carried by sinusoids

A

Mixed oxygenated (20%) and deoxygenated (80%)

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20
Q

Central vein role

A

Carry blood from sinusoids to hepatic vein and out of liver

21
Q

Arrangement of sinusoids in lobule

A

Each plate of hepatocytes has a sinusoid above and below it

22
Q

Name for space around hepatocytes that bathes them in plasma

A

Space of Disse

23
Q

How are hepatocytes exposed to blood contents?

A

Sinusoids run above and below each plate of lobules. Sinusoids have incomplete walls. Space of Disse around hepatocytes is full of plasma from sinusoids

24
Q

*Histological slide of heatocyte in situ

A
25
Q

How do hepatocytes increase surface area?

A

Microvilli

26
Q

Two arrangements of vessels in lobules

A

1) Classical lobule 2) Hepatic lobule

27
Q

Hepatic lobule

A

Hepatic and portal vein in middle of lobule. Emphasises metabolic organisation

28
Q

*Hepatic lobule vs classical lobule

A
29
Q

Zone 1 of hepatic acinus

A

High in O2, high in toxins, high in nutrients

30
Q

Zone 3 of hepatic acinus

A

Low in O2, low in toxins, low in metabolites

31
Q

*Schematic of a hepatic acinus

A
32
Q

Hepatic acinus 1 2 3

A

1) The functional unit of the liver 2) Arranged into zones based on proximity to arterial blood supply: zone1 is closest, zone 3 is furthest 3) Arrangement of classical lobules

33
Q

*Schematic showing difference between portal and hepatic lobules

A

Portal lobules are in solid lines, hepatic are in dotted lines

34
Q

What produce bile salts?

A

Hepatocytes

35
Q

Which product do hepatocytes synthesise bile salts from?

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

Why is bile green?

A

Bile pigments are green. Bile pigments are breakdown products of haemoglobin, from destruction of RBCs in the spleen and liver

37
Q

How is bile released from hepatocytes and liver?

A

Bile produced by hepatocytes is released into channels between hepatocytes (cannaliculi), which flows outwards into bile ducts in the portal triads

38
Q

Histological appearance of gall bladder 1 2 3

A

1) Smooth muscle forms muscular sac 2) Simple columnar epithelium 3) Tough serosa

39
Q

Functions of gall bladder 1 2

A

1) Concentration of bile salts 2) Storage of bile

40
Q

How does the gall bladder concentrate bile salts?

A

About 90% of bile is resorbed by gall bladder, concentrating bile salts and pigments.

41
Q

Name for sphincter that diverts bile to gall bladder for storage

A

Sphincter of Oddi

42
Q

Gall stones

A

Precipitates of bile salts and/or cholesterol

43
Q

Hormonal control of gall bladder 1 2 3

A

1) Fat in duodenum stimulates specialised cells of duodenal mucosa to release cholecystokinin into blood 2) CCK causes relaxation of sphincter of Oddi, contraction of gall bladder. 3) Bile squirts into the duodenum

44
Q

Duct that sphincter of Oddi controls

A

Common bile duct

45
Q

Functions of pancreas 1 2

A

1) Enzyme release 2) Bicarbonate release

46
Q

Components of pancreastic juice

A

Proteases, lipases, amylases, nucleases and bicarbonate ions

47
Q

Histological appearance of pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans. Pancreatic acini

48
Q

What forms pancreatic glands

A

Pancreatic acini. Balls of cells with duct in the middle

49
Q

What type of enzymes does the pancreas release?

A

Zymogens

1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 (157 decks)

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