145 - Kidney function, fluid and electrolyte balance 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolarity trough the kidney

A

~300 miliosmols/L at cortex to 1200 miliosmols/L near papilla (most-central part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Significance of 300 miliosmols/L osmolarity at cortex of kidney

A

Same as osmolarity of the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

iso-osmotically reabsorbs ~65% of filtrate (without changing osmolarity of fluid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmolarity of fluid entering thick descending limb

A

Iso-osmotic (300miliosmolar/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is most glucose reuptaken?

A

Proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the concentration of renal filtrate the highest?

A

Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type of epithelium in descending loop of Helne

A

Few mitochondria, thin membranes.
Very permeable to water.
Impermeable to almost everything else (lacks channels, transporters). Very lipid-soluble substances can still pass through wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the descending limb water-permeable?

A

Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effect of impermeability of descending limb wall to everything but water.

A

Increase in concentration of renal filtrate (only water can leave).
Gradual increase in concentration of solutes of renal filtrate by a factor of four.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Solute responsible for a lot of the high osmotic pressure in the renal papilla

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Permeabilities in the epithelium of the thin ascending limb

A

High permeability to sodium.

Low water permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Effect of permeabilities of thin ascending limb

A

Movement of sodium out of thin ascending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proportion of sodium reabsorbed in thick ascending limb

A

~25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Proportion of water reabsorbed in descending limb

A

~10-12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Distal tubule sodium reabsorption

A

Regulated, according to body needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Difference in sodium reabsorption between proximal tubule, descending limb and distal tubule

A

Proximal tubule and descending limb maintain the same amount of sodium reabsorption all the time.
Distal tubule is regulated according to body needs

17
Q

Fluid entering the collecting duct

A

Dilute

18
Q

Possible effects of collecting duct on filtrate

A

Travels through gradient of 300- 1200mOsM.
Can alter permeability to water.
This means that filtrate can be diluted or concentrated, depending on body needs.

19
Q

What regulates aquaporins in collecting duct

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (the same hormone, just different names)

20
Q

Effect of antidiuretic hormone

A

Insertion of aquaporins into collecting duct.

This means that water is removed from filtrate, concentrating urine in collecting duct.

21
Q

Effect of acute renal failure on urine concentration

A

Will be roughly equal to plasma.

Won’t be filtered, reabsorbed, etc very much.

22
Q

When is kidney filtrate less concentrated that extracellular fluid?

A

At the end of the loop of Henle (just before the distal tubule)

23
Q

Osmolarity of fluid in Bowman’s capsule

A

300mOsM

24
Q

Osmolarity of fluid at the end of loop of Henle

A

100mOsM

25
Q

Mechanism of tubular reabsorption

A

1) Na+/K+ ATPase pumps Na+ into extracellular fluid
2) This leads to diffusion of anions from filtrate following electrochemical gradient
3) Water moves by osmosis into extracellular fluid
4)

26
Q

Examples of renal cotransporters

A

Na+/glucose

Na+/phosphate in proximal tubule

27
Q

Why isn’t all filtered phosphate reabsorbed?

A

Na+/phosphate cotransporter in proximal tubule doesn’t have a very high capacity

28
Q

How can chlorides and water be reuptaken in the kidneys?

A

From reuptake of Na+, there is a small negative charge in the lumen,
Cl- doesn’t have an epithelial channel, but can travel between epithelial cells of the tubule (through tight junctions). Paracellular route

29
Q

Things that can be reabsorbed via paracellular route

A

Cl- and water

30
Q

Broad routes of reabsorption

A

Paracellular and transcellular

31
Q

Proportion of O2 absorbed by the kidney that is for active transport

A

80%

32
Q

What is required for renal active transport?

A

Reabsorption of water, chloride, glucose, amino acids, urea

Secretion of potassium, hydrogen

33
Q

NHE

A

Sodium-hydrogen exchanger.

Located on apical membrane of epithelial cells of renal tubule.

34
Q

What makes Na+ reabsorption less efficient?

A

Reabsorbed Na+ can leak back into lumen through paracellular pathway

35
Q

What increases concentration of K+ in renal epithelial cells?

A

K+/Na+ antiporter (3Na+ out of cell, 2K+ into cell)

36
Q

What do sodium pumps drive reabsorption of?

A

K+, water, Cl-, HCO3-