51 - Cardiac Valve Dysfunction Flashcards
Proportion of heartbeat that is systole and is diastole
~1/3 is systole, ~2/3 is diastole (diastole is longer)
Effect of valve stenosis 1) 2) 3)
1) Valve doesn’t open fully, restricting flow. 2) Higher pressure in chamber behind valve (EG: LV in aortic stenosis, LA in bicuspid stenosis) 3) Pressure overload
Valve incompetence
Valve leaking/regurgitation. Where valve doesn’t close properly, causing leak of blood back.
Effect of valve incompetence
Heart required to increase stroke volume to maintain forward cardiac output. Increased volume in ventricle increased EDV. This increases ejection fraction and preload.
What used to be most common cause of valve disease?
Rheumatic fever
Current most common cause of valve disease
Degenerative conditions
When do valve lesions become symptomatic
When they are quite severe. Mild and moderate lesions are asymptomatic
When do symptoms develop in valve regurgitation?
Late stage. Occur when irreversible LV changes occur (ventricular enlargement, decompensation).
When do symptoms present in aortic stenosis?
Before permanent LV changes
How is valvular heart disease assessed? 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) History (especially shortness of breath, which presents in late stage, is poo prognosis) 2) Examination (murmur, pulse) 3) ECG 4) Echocardiography (most important test)
Types of prosthetic valves 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) Mechanical valve 2) Bioprosthetic valve 3) Repaired mitral valve 4) Stent aortic valve
Procedure than can fix a stenosed valve
Balloon valvotomy (insert balloon catheter into valve, inflate to break up stenosis).
Normal aortic valve area
2.5cm^2
Severe aortic stenosis valve area
Under 0.7cm^2