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AIM - The Brain > Neuro Misc 2 > Flashcards

Neuro Misc 2 Flashcards

1
Q

nuclei in medulla

A

IX, X, XI, XII

9-12

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2
Q

nuclei in pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

5-8

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3
Q

nuclei above pons

A

I, II, III, IV

1-4

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4
Q

medial tracts

A
  • motor nuclei (somatic): III, IV, VI, XII
  • motor pathway: CST
  • MLF
  • Medial lemniscus
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5
Q

lateral tracts

A
  • sympathetic
  • spinothalamic
  • sensory (V)
  • spinocerebellar (ICP)
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6
Q

where do they cross?

  • CST
  • DC
  • STT
A
  • CST: caudal medulla
  • DC: caudal medulla
  • STT: at the spinal level it innervates

Loss of CST/DC are contralateral to lesion if above medulla, ipsilateral if in spinal cord

STT is always contralateral

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7
Q

frontal eye fields

  • blood supply
  • function
A
  • ACA

- move eyes laterally connects to PPRF

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8
Q

branchial motor nuclei of the brainstem

A
  • motor nucleus of V
  • facial
  • ambiguus
  • spinal accessory
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9
Q

sensory nuclei of thalamus

A

VPL, VPM

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10
Q

motor nuclei of the thalamus

A

VA, VL

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11
Q

limbic nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • anterior (to cingulate)

- DM (to prefrontal cortex, amygdala)

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12
Q

auditory nuclei of the thalamus

A

medial geniculate bodies

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13
Q

visual nuclei of the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate bodies

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14
Q

association nuclei of the thalamus

A

pulvinar

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15
Q

PVN, SON function

A
  • make hormones for posterior pituitary

- ADH, oxytocin

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16
Q

hypothalamus: food intake and metabolism

A
  • VMH (satiety)
  • LH (feeding)
  • ARC
  • PVN
  • DMH
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17
Q

hypothalamus: day night rhythms

A

SCN

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18
Q

hypothalamus: temperature regulation

A
  • AH, POA: heat dissipation

- PH: heat conservation

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19
Q

heat dissipation

A

AH

POA

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20
Q

heat conservation

A

PH

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21
Q

hippocampal formation involvement implicated in

A
  • memory fxn
  • depression
  • schizophrenia
  • alzheimers
  • epilepsy
  • autism
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22
Q

amygdala involvement implicated in

A
  • temporal lobe epilepsy
  • alzheimer’s
  • anxiety states
  • affective disorders
  • PTSD
  • Schizophrenia
  • autism
  • panic disorders
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23
Q

habituation

A

decreasing response to a sensory stimulus

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24
Q

sensitization

A

increasing response to a sensory stimulus

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25
Q

learning and memory require changes in ___________

A

learning and memory require changes in SYNAPTIC STRENGTH

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26
Q

short term memory depends on __________

A

short term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION

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27
Q

long term memory depends on _____________

A

long term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOS. and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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28
Q

NMDA receptors are essential for _______

A

NMDA receptors are essential for ASSOCIATIVE CONDITIONING

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29
Q

thalamic sensory and relay nuclei INTO CORTEX

A

layer IV

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30
Q

thalamic nuclei INTO CORTEX

A

layer VI

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31
Q

intracortical input

A

layers II/III

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32
Q

cortex to other cortical areas

A

layer III

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33
Q

cortex to striatum, brainstem, spinal cord

34
Q

cortex to thalamus

35
Q

primary motor cortex

A
  • more pyramidal cells (larger)

- thicker layers: V, VI

36
Q

primary sensory cortex

A
  • more granular cells (smaller)

- thicker layer IV

37
Q

Brodmann’s Areas:

  • 1, 2, 3
  • 4
  • 17
  • 41
A

Brodmann’s Areas:

  • 1, 2, 3: somatosensory cortex
  • 4: motor cortex
  • 17: visual cortex
  • 41: auditory cortex
38
Q

parahippocampal gyrus contains

A
  • hippocampus

- amygdala

39
Q

insula cortex

A
  • sensory
  • pain
  • disgust
  • gustatory
  • autonomic function

not well understood

40
Q

cuneus

A

-superior retinal fibers (lower visual field)

41
Q

lingula

A

inferior retinal fibers (upper field

-Meyer’s loop

42
Q

calcarine cortex

A
  • all fibers from lateral geniculate nucleus

- cuneus + lingula

43
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A
  • connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

- conductive aphasia: can’t repeat

44
Q

lesion of splenium of corpus callosum

A

alexia without agraphia

45
Q

AMD

A
  • blurred CENTRAL vision
  • Dry, then wet
  • VEGF for wet phase
46
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A
  • decreased vision at night/low light
  • tunnel vision
  • mutation in photoreceptor protein
47
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A
  • blurred vision
  • gradual loss
  • floaters, shadows
  • nonproliferative, then proliferative
  • laser treatment
48
Q

glaucoma

A
  • pressure build up damages optic n
  • closed/open angle
  • beta adrenergic antagonists (decr. production
  • prostaglandins (incr outflow)
49
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A
  • flocculonodular lobe

- equilibrium

50
Q

spinocerebellum

A
  • vermis
  • midline structures
  • ataxia, incoordination, instability
  • ALCOHOLICS
51
Q

neocerebellum

A
  • hemispheres
  • upper limb control
  • intention tremor
  • dysmetria
  • disdiadochokinesis
  • ataxia
52
Q

gegenhalten: variable resistance to passive movements of limbs

A

frontal lobe syndrome

53
Q

anton’s syndrome

A
  • denial of blindness
  • bilateral occipital lobe lesions
  • react to confrontation
  • confabulation
54
Q

balint’s syndrome

A
  • bilateral occipitoparietal
  • simultagnosia
  • optic ataxia
  • oculomotor apraxia

MCA-PCA WATERSHED

55
Q

dysprosody

A

MCA on right

56
Q

frontal eye fields

A
  • supplied by MCA

- gaze deviation towards side of the lesion

57
Q

clumsy hand dysarthria

A
  • internal capsule
  • ventral pons
  • corona radiata
58
Q

MCA-PCA watershed

A

BALINT’s Syndrome

-visuospatial deficits

59
Q

EEG of absence seizure

A

generalized spike and wave

60
Q

tonic vs clonic

A

tonic: body stiffening
clonic: rhythmic activity

61
Q

relapsing remitting

A

reverts back to baseline between attacks

62
Q

relapsing progressive

A

reverts not quite back to baseline between attacks

63
Q

secondary progressive

A

converts to a progressive course

64
Q

primary progressive

A

progressive course from onset

65
Q

MS diagnosis

A
  • MRI
  • clinical Sx
  • evoked potentials
  • lumbar puncture: oligoclonal bands, IgG
  • WBC <50
66
Q

alzheimer’s dementia

A

loss of

  • memory
  • executive fxn
  • visuospatial impairment
  • language
  • behavior
67
Q

lewy body dementia

A
  • hallucinations

- psychosis

68
Q

vascular dementia

A

-stepwise progression of cognitive decline

69
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A
  • social disinhibition
  • abulia
  • personality changes
70
Q

beta-amyloid in brain, CSF?

A
  • elevated in brain

- low in CSF

71
Q

tau protein in brain, CSF

A
  • elevated in brain

- elevated in CSF

72
Q

Alzheimer’s: unknown cause

A

ApoE-4

age, female, head trauma

73
Q

Alzheimer’s: down’s syndrome

A

trisomy 21

74
Q

Alzheimer’s: familial

A
  • early onset
  • autosomal dominant
  • abnormal genes: APP, gamma secretase
75
Q

stuporous

A

responds to voice, pain

76
Q

persistent vegetative state

A
  • may open eyes, but NO interaction with enviornment
  • brainstem works
  • cortex does not work
  • Dx: 1 month (1 yr for trauma)
77
Q

minimally conscious state

A
  • between PVS and normal
  • follow simple commands
  • intelligible verbalization
  • purposeful behavior
78
Q

locked in syndrome

A
  • patient is awake
  • incapable of movement or speech
  • eye movements possible
  • ventral pontine lesion
79
Q

epidural hematoma

A
  • middle meningeal a rupture
  • skull fx
  • lucid interval
80
Q

subdural hematoma

A
  • rupture of bridging veins
  • acute or chronic
  • mild trauma
81
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

3-15

  • eye opening
  • verbal response
  • motor response

<8 is serious head injury

82
Q

management of elevated ICP

A
  • elevate head
  • hyperventilation
  • osmotic diuretics
  • barbiturate coma
  • CSF drainage (ventriculostomy)
  • hemicraniectomy

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