Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
gyri/sulci increase ___________
surface area
allows for increased cortex size without increasing overall size of the brain
sagital sulcus
Longitudinal fissure
-divides brain into L and R hemispheres
precentral sulcus
-immediately anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe
central sulcus
-divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
post-central sulcus
-immediately posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe
lateral sulcus
Sylvian Fissure
- long, deep sulcus on lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
- separates temporal lobe from rest of cortex
parietoccipital sulcus
-separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe
intraparietal sulcus
lateral sulcus in parietal lobe
superior and inferior frontal sulci
-separate superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
superior and inferior temporal sulci
-separate superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri
frontal lobe: how many gyri?
4
- superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
- precentral gyrus
parietal lobe: how many gyri?
4
- postcentral gyrus
- superior parietal lobule
- supramarginal gyrus
- angular gyrus
temporal lobe: how many gyri?
3
-superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri
Brodmann’s areas
-regions of the brain based on cytoarchitecture of the neurons
Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3
primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann area 4
primary motor cortex
corpus callosum
-white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres
R visual field goes to
L hemisphere
language controlled by _________ hemisphere
language controlled by LEFT hemisphere
_______ hemisphere controls the left motor movements
RIGHT hemisphere controls the left motor movements (contralateral)
frontal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions
- anterior to central sulcus
- prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca’s area
- motor function
premotor cortex
- frontal lobe
- involved in planning movement
- association area: devoted to an elaboration of the associated primary area and involves motor functions associated with high-level intellectual functions
motor cortex
- frontal lobe
- executes movement
- organized geographically to parts it controls (homonculus)
cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in _________
cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in MOTOR CORTEX (frontal lobe)
distal parts of the body (legs, hands) are controlled by which area?
medially (homonculus)
association areas
needed for high level intellectual functions
Broca’s area
- in L frontal lobe, ant to primary motor cortex, just above temporal lobe
- involved in SPEECH PRODUCTION (motor formation of speech)
- lesion = Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia)
prefrontal cortex
- frontal lobe
- involved in social judgement
- inhibits impulsive thoughts/behaviors to fit social norms
- Phineas Gage
- implicated in schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, ADHD
damage to prefrontal cortex is associated with which disorders?
- schizophrenia
- antisocial PD
- ADHD
Phineas Gage
- injury while working on railroad
- destroyed L frontal lobe
- transformed his personality
parietal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions
- -posterior to central sulcus
- primary sensory cortex
- sensory function
- –visual and cognitive attention
primary sensory cortex
- areas correspond geographically to parts of the body (homonculus)
- ascending dorsal column and spinothalamic pathways project here via thalamus
- lesions cause loss of sensation in corresponding area
2nd somatosensory association area (S2)
- posterior to S1
- elaboration of associated primary area
- involves sensory functions associated with high level functions (spatial attention)
unilateral lesion to parietal lobe?
- causes contralateral neglect
- pt fails to pay attention to contralateral side
- R lesion: only draw numbers on L side of clock
occipital lobe: location, major areas, primary functions
- most posterior region of cortex
- primary visual cortex, association visual cortex
- vision
primary visual cortex
-receives input from the retina via lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
temporal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions
- lateral to Sylvian fissure
- major areas: primary auditory cortex, hippocampus amygdala, Wernicke’s area
- auditory function, memory, emotion, language comprehension
primary auditory cortex
- located in superior temporal gyrus
- contains Heschl’s gyrus
Wernicke’s area
- located in posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus
- close to auditory cortex
- SPEECH COMPREHENSION
- damage = Wernicke’s aphasia
Heschl’s gyrus
-located in transverse temporal gyri in primary auditory complex, buried withing lateral sulcus
primary auditory complex is organized by __________
primary auditory complex is organized by FREQUENCY
auditory hallucinations (schizophrenia) light up which area of the brain during MRI?
-Heschl’s gyrus
neurons in visual cortex of young mouse
- lots of crossover
- no delineation of R vs L
- convergence
neurons in visual cortex of adult mouse
- complete rearrangement
- separation of information processing
- L vs R is distinct
ocular dominance
- limit stimulus from 1 eye during development
- greater representation of intact eye in adult (convergence)
