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AIM - The Brain > Cerebral Cortex II > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex II Flashcards

1
Q

cells can be grouped by:

A
  • morphology
  • projections
  • location
  • electrophysiological properties (function)
  • neurotransmitters produced
  • protein markers they express
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2
Q

layers of the cortex

A 
I: Molecular layer
II: External granule layer
III: External pyramidal layer
IV: Internal granule layer
V:  Internal pyramidal layer
VI: Polymorphic layer
granular = small
pyramidal = large
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3
Q

agranular cortex is dominated by _________ cells

A

agranular cortex is dominated by LARGE PYRAMIDAL cells

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4
Q

granular cortex is dominated by ________ cells

A

granular cortex is dominated by SMALL cells

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5
Q

cortex functions

A
  • integrates all sensory modalities
  • plans/executes all motor activity, speech, and volitional action
  • enables abstract thought, emotion, creativity
  • controls attention :: modulates its own activity and focus
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6
Q

thalamic sensory and relay nuclei —> what cortical layer?

A

layer IV (internal granule)

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7
Q

input from intrathalamic nuclei —> what cortical layer?

A

layer VI (polymorphic)

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8
Q

intracortical input —> what cortical input?

A

layers II/III (external granule/pyramidal)

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9
Q

cortical layers that receive input

A 
II/III: external granule/pyramidal
--intracortical input
IV: internal granule
---thalamic sensory/relay nuclei
VI: polymorphic
---thalamic nuclei
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10
Q

cortical layers that have outputs

A 
III: external pyramidal layer
---other cortical areas
V: internal pyramidal layer
---striatum, brainstem, spinal cord
VI: polymorphic
---thalamus
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11
Q

cortical layer III has output to __________

A

cortical layer III has output to OTHER CORTICAL AREAS

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12
Q

cortical layer V has output to __________

A

cortical layer V has output to STRIATUM, BRAINSTEM, SPINAL CORD

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13
Q

cortical layer VI has output to __________

A

cortical layer VI has output to THALAMUS

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14
Q

association fibers

A

intracortical white matter tracts

-stay within same hemisphere

Main:

  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
  • cingulum
  • amygdalofugal pathway
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15
Q

commissural fibers

A

intracortical white matter tracts

-project from 1 hemisphere to the other

Main:

  • corpus callosum
  • anterior commissure
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16
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • type of commissural fiber
  • massive intracortical white matter tract
  • contains 200-250 million axons
17
Q

anterior commissure

A
  • type of commissural fiber
  • connects the temporal lobes
  • 1/10 size of corpus callosum
18
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus

A
  • a main association fiber
  • connects frontal with posterior
  • contains ARCUATE fasciculus: connects brain regions involved in generation/comprehension of language
19
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A
  • within the superior longitudinal fasciculus (association fibers)
  • connects brain regions involved in generation/comprehension of language
20
Q

cingulum

A
  • a main association fiber
  • forms nearly a complete circle
  • from cingulate to parahippocampal gyrus
21
Q

amydalofugal pathway

A
  • a main association fiber

- connects amygdala with thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, brain stem, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens

22
Q

cortical columns are ______

A

cortical columns are MICROCIRCUITS

-many connections with other neurons in same column (and within columns)

23
Q

cortical columns process sensory input _________

A

cortical columns process sensory input TOPOGRAPHICALLY

-area of visual field corresponds to region in cortex

24
Q

T/F there is a larger cortical region for peripheral vision than the center

A

FALSE: even though it is a smaller area of our visual field, the center takes up a larger area in the cortex

25
Q

direction-sensitive neurons

A
  • type of functional organization
  • some neurons only become active when light moves across the visual field in a certain direction
  • due to the connections that each neuron makes with nearby neurons, and the excitatory/inhibitory nature of those connections

-converge with other neurons to integrate info into more complex things (recognize familiar faces/scenes/threats)

“columnar microcircuits work together to engender cellular behavior”

26
Q

fusiform gyrus

A
  • activated during facial recognition

- higher order cortical center

27
Q

how do they map specific higher order regions?

A
  • fMRI (functional MRI)
  • measures oxygen poor blood
  • –theoretically, the area that is active will be using oxygen
28
Q

prosopagnosia

A
  • “face blindness”

- disruption of circuits in fusiform gyrus

29
Q

what happens if you stimulate the fusiform gyrus with an electric current?

A
  • prosopagnosia (face blindness)

- “face metamorphosed”

30
Q

tools to identify cortical activity

A
  • fMRI
  • single cell recording (rare)
  • EEG
31
Q

single cell recording

A
  • very rare
  • depth electrodes placed in the cortex
  • allows for monitoring of firing rate of individual neurons in response to discrete stimuli
32
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram
-records electrical activity thru skull/scalp

  • as neurons are activated, they create small electrical potentials which can be measured trans-cranially
  • detects a signal within a few millimeters

AIM - The Brain (105 decks)

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