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Microbiology -Medical-Prof > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Name of fungal toxins ?

*

A
  1. amanitin
    phalloidin
    ergotamine
    lysergic acid di-ethyl-amine
    aflatoxins

718

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2
Q

A+P source ?

A

amanita mushrooms

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3
Q

effects of Amanitin & phalloidin ??

A

liver necrosis
= by inhibiting cellular rna polymerase & prevent mRNA synthesis

718`

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4
Q

E + LSD source ?

A

Claviceps purpura

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5
Q

effects of E+LSD ?

A

Ergotism

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6
Q

aflatoxins source ?

A

aspergillus
flavus

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7
Q

Toxic effects of Aflatoxins ?

A

heparic carcinoma

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8
Q

disease caused by fungal toxins is called ??

A

mycotoxicosis

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9
Q

aflatoxins are ingested with which foods ??

A
  1. spoiled grains
    peanuts
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10
Q

pathogenesis of Hepatic carcinoma by Aflatoxins ??

A
  • Aflatoxins induce mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene - loss of p53 protein – loss of growth control in the hepatocytes
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11
Q

Fungal allergies name ??

A

Aspergillus fumigatus = Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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12
Q

why Anti-bacterial cannot act on fungi >??

A

due to structural differences

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13
Q

anti-fungal agents cannot attack human cell ??

A

anti-fungal agents attack - fungal cell wall made of ergosterol = human cell membrane made of Cholesterol

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14
Q

why bacteria cannot multiply in the fungal culture media ??
*

A

due to presence of
1. cycloheximide
chloramphenicol
low pH

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15
Q

Culture media used for Fungus ?

A
  1. Brain heart infusion agar
    dermatophyte test media
    trichophyton agar
    inhibitory mould agar
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15
Q

Bacteria VS Fungi ??

A
  • Fungal - thermal dimorphism + spores for sexuala & asexual reproduction + require organic C for Metabolism
  • bacteria = spore for survival + No TD + donot require organic carbon + 70s + motile + peptidoglycan + Prokaryotic
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16
Q

Fungus is E OR P ??

A

Eukaryotic

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17
Q

systemic fungal drugs name ??

A
  • amphotericin B
    Flucon-azole
    ketacon-azole
    itra & posa azole
    griseofulvin
    flucytosin
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18
Q

tropical fungal drugs name ?

A
  • terbinafine
    nystatin
    clotrimazole
    miconazole
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19
Q

morphological types of Fungus ???

A
  1. yeast
    yeast like fungus
    molds
    dimorphic fungus
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20
Q

Example of Yeast ??

A

Crytococcus neoformans
saccromyces cerevisiae

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21
Q

yeats like fungus example ??

A

candida albicans

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22
Q

moulds example ??

A

dermatophytes
rhinosporidium seeberi

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23
Q

dimorphic fungus name ??
*

systemic fungus

A
  1. histoplasma capsulatum
    coccidioides immitis
    para-coccidioides brasiliensis
    blastomyces dermatitidis
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24
Q

why dimorphic fungus ??
*

A
  • mold = in room temperature 22-25
  • yeast = in host at body temperature 37
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25
Q

importance of dimorphic fungi ??

A

identification of mycoses

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26
Q

yeast VS moulds ??

A
  • yeast - unicellular + spherical / elliptical + budding + binary fission
  • mould - multicellular + microscopic filament = hyphae + reproduce by sexual & asexual spores

722

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27
Q

name of opportunistic fungi ??

A
  • candida albicans
    cryptococcus neoformans
    aspergillus fumigatus
    penicillium
    mucor
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28
Q

sexual spores of fungi ??

A
  • zygospore
    ascospores
    basidispores
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29
Q

asexual spores of fungi ?

A
  • arthrospores
    blastospores
    sporangiospores
    chlamydospores
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30
Q

those fungi that donot from sexual spores >??

A

fungi imperfecti

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31
Q

name of fungi imperfecti ??

A

dermatophytes
candida albicans
malassezia furfur

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32
Q

culture media of Fungus ??

A

Sabourauds dextrose agar media - SDA

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33
Q

Why dextrose in SDA ??

A

Dextrose - source of energy
selective media

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34
Q

superficial fungus name ??

A
  • malassezia furfur
    hortae werneckii
    peidraia hortae
    trichosporon species
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35
Q

what is Pity-Ria-Sis Versi-Color ??

A

chronic mild superficial infection of the stratum corneum by MF

728

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36
Q

GENUS name of dermatophytes ??

A
  • trichophyton
    epidermo-phyton
    microsporum
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37
Q

trichophyton species name ??

A
  • rubrum
    tonsurans
    mentagrophytes
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38
Q

epidermophytons species name ??

A

E floccosum

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39
Q

Microsporium species name ??

A
  • canis
    gypseum
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39
Q

what type of mycoses in dermatophytes «

A

cutaneous

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40
Q

why they are Keratinophilic ??

A

infect only superficial keratinized structures - nail hair skin

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41
Q

D caused by dermatoophytes ??

A

tinea
ringworm
dermatophytosis

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42
Q

D utilize —- for metabolism ?

A

keratin

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43
Q

tinea capitis area ??

A

scalp hair
endothrix
ectothrix

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44
Q

tinea corporis area&raquo_space;>

A

trunk and limb

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45
Q

tinea cruris location ??

A

groin

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46
Q

tinea pedis / athlets foot location ???

A

interdigital spaces of foot

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46
Q

dermatophytid - id reaction ?

A

sides and flexor aspects of fingers

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46
Q

tinea barbae ??

A

beard hair

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47
Q

what is Id reaction ??

A

hypersensitivity
circulating fungal antigen
vesicle formation in the fingers
lesions donot contain hyphae

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48
Q

why dissolve in KOH ??

A

KOH = keratolysis

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49
Q

specimen collection for D ??

A
  1. nail clipping
    hair plucking
    skin scrapping

733

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50
Q

microscopic exam of D & KOH

A

Skin - KOH 10% 1hr
hair - KOH 20% 10hr
nail - KOH 40% 10hr

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51
Q

findings of Microscopic ??

A

skin+ nail = septate hyphae + arthrospores
hail = ecto + endotrhix

ectothrix -fungal spores outside the hair shaft

733

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52
Q

culture findings of D ??

A

Naked eye - green red white brown + cottony powdery velvety ``

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52
Q

microconidia shape of Species of T ??

A

T rubrum - tear drop shape
T tonsurans - elongate
T mentagrophytes - grape like clusters

734

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52
Q

culture microscopic examination ??

A

micro & macroconidia

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52
Q

macroconidia shape of ALL genus ?

A

T - cylindrical
E- club
M- spindle shaped

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53
Q

subcutaneous mycoses name ??

A

mycetoma

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53
Q

rhinosporidium seeberi incidence ??

A

farmers

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54
Q

madura foot caused by ??

A

maduramycosis _ EuMycetoma

736

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55
Q

Only capsulated fungi ??

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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56
Q

why Histoplasma capsulatum name ??

A

it remains within macrophage / endothelial cells

742

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57
Q

species of candida ??

A

albicans
tropicalis
parapsilosis
glabrata
dubliniensis

745

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58
Q

S

Sexually transmitted fungi >??

A

candida

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59
Q

Pathological conditions caused by Candida ??

A

Superficial
Mucosal- Oral thrush
moniliasis /vaginal candidiasis
Cutaneous - otomycosis
onychomycosis

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59
Q

gram stain of Candida ??

A

G +

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60
Q

systemic candidiasis name ??

A

meningitis
endocarditis
septicemia
esophagitis

746

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61
Q

Tx of onychomycosis ??

A

terbinafine oral

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62
Q

Nail condition in onychomycosis&raquo_space;

A

discolored
thickened
deformed

746

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62
Q

how endocarditis in candidiasis ??

A

skin e inj er maddhome

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63
Q

predisposing factors of candida ?/

A

747

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64
Q

why broad spectrum antibiotics cause candidiasis&raquo_space;

A

suppress normal flora

747

65
Q

drugs caussing candidiasis&raquo_space;

747

A
  1. penicllin
  2. fluroquinolone
  3. cephalosporins
  4. tetracycline
  5. chloramphenicol

747

66
Q

albican meaning ??

A

to become white / whiten
white yeast like fungi

749

67
Q

mode of transmission of crytococcus ??

A

pigeon dropping
inhalation

68
Q

capsular identification test name&raquo_space;

A

india ink
queellung test

755

69
Q

why india ink preparation negative ??

A

it stain whole fungi except capsule

755

70
Q

Culture result of cryptoccus ?/

A

cream coloured mucoid colony

71
Q

meningitis causing fungi ?/

A

histoplasma
cryptoccoccus
candida
coccidioides immitis

757

72
Q

Tx of vaginal candidiasis ??

A

Fluconazole

751

73
Q

how to identify candida albicans from other species ??

A

germ tube test

74
Q

microscopic findings of candida ??

A

budding yeast
pseudohyphae

75
Q

microscopic of culture ??

A

yeast with/without pseudohyphae

748

75
Q

naked eye - culture of candida ??

A

cream cooured colony

76
Q

transmission of aspergillus ??

A

airborne conidia

77
Q

Tx of cryptococcus meningitis ??

A

amphotericin B
Flucytosin

757

78
Q

what is fungal ball / asoergilloma&raquo_space;.

A

it occurs when inhaled conidia enters in a existing cavity - germinate and produce abundant hyphae - abnormal pulmonary space

79
Q

why sputum is not recommended specimen for pneumonia?/

80
Q

Tx of pneumocystis jiroveci ??

A

Co-trimoxazole

759

81
Q

lung affecting fungus name >

A

aspergillus fumigatus

82
Q

Aspergillus sppecies <

A

flavus
fumigatus

83
Q

Aspergillus shape <

A

V shaped branching

84
Q

disease caused by Histoplasma >

A

bacterial pneumonia
pulmonary TB
Chronic granuloma

85
Q

cryptococcus amader keno hoy na >

A

amra immunocompetent

86
Q

systemic fungus arek nam

A

endemic fungus

87
Q

sample for histoplasma ><

A

sputum
urine
tissue biopsy
bone marrow aspirates
buffy coat blood cells

88
Q

systemic fungus kon route e hoy?

A

inhalation

89
Q

pityriasis versicolor Pt complain ki thakbe >

A

Dipigmentation of skin

90
Q

Itching thakbe Pv e ??

91
Q

PV er Tx ?

A

tropical ketoconazole

92
Q

Rhinosporidium site ?

A

nose
nasophranyx
lip
palate
uvula
conjunctiva
lacrimal sac
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchus

93
Q

under microscope cryptococcus >

A

budding yeast

94
Q

candida kon system e ?

95
Q

CSF sample is collected from where in cryptoccus neoformans lab diagnosis ?

A

For lab diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans, the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) sample is collected via a lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap). This procedure involves inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space in the lower back (between the L3-L4 or L4-L5 vertebrae) to collect CSF for analysis.

The CSF is then tested for Cryptococcus neoformans using methods like:
- India ink staining (to visualize the capsule),
- Cryptococcal antigen testing (e.g., latex agglutination or lateral flow assay),
- Culture on fungal media (e.g., Sabouraud dextrose agar).

(Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

96
Q

sample of C n <

A

755

CSF
sputum
tissue
blood
urine
cutaneous scrappings

97
Q

Pneumia like D hole sputum chara ki sample in case of histoplasma

A

bronchoalveolar lavage

98
Q

bangla of pityriasis versicolor ?

A

Pityriasis versicolor-এর বাংলা হলো ছুলি বা বিভিন্ন বর্ণের ছুলি। এটি একটি ছত্রাক সংক্রমণ (ফাঙ্গাল ইনফেকশন) যা ত্বকে হালকা বা গাঢ় দাগ সৃষ্টি করে। এটি সাধারণত Malassezia নামক ইস্ট দ্বারা হয়।

99
Q

Lab Dx of tenia versicolor <

A

spaghetti meatball appearance

100
Q

konta Piegeon dropping <>

A

Cryptococcus

101
Q

amphotericin B prominent side effect and how to reduce it - ans in short ?

A

Prominent side effect of Amphotericin B:
- Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) is the most significant side effect.

How to reduce it:
- Use lipid formulations of Amphotericin B (e.g., liposomal Amphotericin B).
- Ensure adequate hydration and electrolyte monitoring.
- Administer saline infusion before and after the dose.

(Source: Pharmacology and Therapeutics).

102
Q

which fungal disease by eucalyptus bird ?

A

The fungal disease associated with eucalyptus trees and birds (particularly pigeons) is Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

  • Cryptococcus neoformans is commonly found in soil contaminated with bird droppings (especially pigeon droppings) and can also be associated with decaying eucalyptus wood.
  • Inhalation of the fungal spores can lead to infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, causing pulmonary cryptococcosis or meningoencephalitis.

(Source: Medical Mycology and Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

103
Q

treatment of moniliasis ?

A

Vaginal Candidiasis:

Topical antifungals: Clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin creams.

Oral antifungals: Fluconazole (single dose).
104
Q

5 airborne fungus name ?

A

Here are five airborne fungi that can cause infections in humans:

  1. Aspergillus fumigatus (causes aspergillosis)
  2. Cryptococcus neoformans (causes cryptococcosis)
  3. Histoplasma capsulatum (causes histoplasmosis)
  4. Coccidioides immitis (causes coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever)
  5. Blastomyces dermatitidis (causes blastomycosis)

These fungi release spores into the air, which can be inhaled and lead to respiratory or systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

(Source: Medical Mycology and Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

105
Q

why fungus shows selective toxicity ??

A

Fungi exhibit selective toxicity in their ability to infect humans or other hosts because of the following reasons:

  1. Unique Cell Wall Composition:
    • Fungi have cell walls made of chitin and β-glucans, which are absent in human cells. Antifungal drugs target these components, sparing human cells.
  2. Ergosterol in Cell Membranes:
    • Fungal cell membranes contain ergosterol instead of cholesterol (found in human cells). Antifungal agents like azoles and polyenes specifically target ergosterol.
  3. Differences in Metabolic Pathways:
    • Fungi have unique enzymes and pathways (e.g., for nucleic acid synthesis) that can be targeted by antifungal drugs without affecting human cells.

This selective toxicity allows antifungal treatments to effectively combat fungal infections while minimizing harm to the host.

(Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

106
Q

branch of science ?

107
Q

lactophenol cotton blue stain ?

A

phenol - disinfectant
lactic acid - preserve the morphology
glycerol = preserve drying
cotton blue - fungal element blue

108
Q

2 main difference of C albicans from other Candida ??

A
  1. Germ tube formation
  2. Chlamydospore - present on Candida albicans

20.2.2025
8.20PM

109
Q

India ink preparation cannot detect capsule . than how to detect it ?/

A

Capsular Atg - by ;Latex particle agglutination test
-Cryptococcal antigen test - crag

110
Q

India ink preparation - what ??

A

Budding yest with Wide capsule
Dark background
not stain Yeast itself

111
Q

Vaginal VS Trichomonas Candidiasis ??

page-752

A

VC- curdy white discharge + musocsal surface red+ moist ++ more irritation + Dx with 10% KOH

TC-frothy discharge + mucosal surface - tender inflammed + eroded + less irritation +

Dx- microscopic of the discharge in a drop of saline & culture

112
Q

SDA media why this name ?

A

Raymond sabourauds

113
Q

SDA media composition?

A

dextrose
peptone
agar

114
Q

Malassezia Tx ?

A

miconazole
selenium sulfide

115
Q

which purpose Tx >

A

cosmetic puspose

116
Q

AIDS infect kore emon fungi ?

A

all opportunistic fungi

117
Q

Hyphae ache emon fungi ?

A

dermatophyte

118
Q

hyphae ki toiri kore ?

119
Q

pseudoH ki kore ?

A

chains of elongated cells

120
Q

madura foot organism <

A

madurella mycetomatis

121
Q

endemic fungi ?

A

deep / systemic

122
Q

superficial mycoses Micro observation

A

cluster of yeast cell - grape cell
meshwork dense of hypahe

123
Q

com plain of pt in pityriasis versicolor <

A

sweat beshi
hypopigemented area
irritation

124
Q

Hortae weneckii disease ?

A

tinea nigra

125
Q

chest e kon dermatophyte ?

A

tinea corporis

126
Q

nail e kon D <

A

tinea unguium

127
Q

D er culture e ki dekhi <

128
Q

Madurella Lab dx <

A

🔬 - septate hyphae

129
Q

candida normally body te koi thake >?

A

normal flora of
GIT
respiratory
female genital tract

130
Q

coccidioides ki koire ?

A

cocci-dio-ido-mycosis

131
Q

what type of stain is india ink ?

132
Q

cryptococcus er cell kemon hoy ?

133
Q

culture of aspergillus ?

A

radiating chains of conidia

134
Q

why broad spectrum cause candidiasis ?

A

suppress normal flora of skin and mucous membrane

135
Q

structure of fungi ??

A

eukaryotic
M = ENdopalsmic reticulum present

136
Q

Amphotericin B oral / IV ?

137
Q

Culutre of fungi time ?

138
Q

culture iof== candida time ?

139
Q

oRal trusg Tx ?

A

miconazole
fluconazole
mouth wash gel

140
Q

clinical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis ?

A

dysuria
dyspareunia
vulval itching
vulval irritaitoon
vulval edema

141
Q

immunocompentent kara ?

A

AIDS
preganancy
malignancy
extreme age
anti-cancer
OCP women

142
Q

CN + AIDS which specimen ?

143
Q

Morpho of candida ?

A

yeast like fungi

144
Q

why yeast like fungi ?

A

yeast for a part of their life cycle
can be hyphal for a significant portion of life

145
Q

pneumonia like D hole sputum chara ar ki specimen >

A

bronchoalveolar lavage

146
Q

germ tube test findings ?

A

tube like outgrowth of yeasts are found

147
Q

which F matha theke pa porjonto ?

A

dermatophytes

148
Q

which virus linked with candida ?

149
Q

Female e kon fungi more prone ?

150
Q

gaye sada sada dag > in sylheti

A

tinea versicolor

151
Q

Tx of histoplasma ?

A

meningitis - fluconazole
lung lesion - oral itraconazole
disseminated diseas - amphotercin B

152
Q

actinomycetoma findings ?

A

bacterial - filamentous bacteria

737

153
Q

vaginitis cause other ?

A

trichomoniasis
gonorrhea
chlamydial infection

154
Q

type of discharge in vaginal c ?

A

curdy whitish

155
Q

type of discharge in trichomonas ?

A

a forthy yellow or cream coloi=ur

156
Q

medical term of dandruff ?

A

pityriasis capitis

157
Q

eta skin e hole ki nam ?

A

P versicolor

158
Q

why D is called ring worm ??

A

circular
ring shaped rash
visual impression of a worm like pattern

159
Q

which fungi cause UTI ?

160
Q

in female where candida ?

161
Q

ph of vagina ?

162
Q

pre-disposing factors of vaginal C <

A

loss of pH
pregnancy
DM
oral pill therapy
broad spectrum antibiotics - suppress normal flora

163
Q

pigment producing fungi ?

A

penicillium
aspergillus

164
Q

pneumonia causing fungi ?

A

pneumocystis

165
Q

which fungi have confused either fungi or protzoa <

A

pneumocystis

166
Q

why P is fungi ?

A

analysis of rRNA sequence + mitocondrial DNA + various enzymes

167
Q

why pneumocystis protozoa ?

A

no ergosterol
no effect of anti-fungal
no growth in fungal media

168
Q

special type of penumonia by pneumocystis ?

A

plasma cell P
759

169
Q

fungal ball kader hoy ?

A

prevoius TB emphysema sarcoidosis

170
Q

Tx of penumocystis ?

A

co-trimoxzole

171
Q

prevention in penumocystis ?

A

CD4 <200
co-trimoxazole

172
Q

transmission of aspergillus ?

A

airborne conidia`

173
Q

why KOH ?

A

keratolytic agent
lyses keratin present in skin hair nail
facilitates the separation of fungal elements from skin hair nail

Microbiology -Medical-Prof (49 decks)

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