Mycology Flashcards
1
Q
Name of fungal toxins ?
*
A
- amanitin
phalloidin
ergotamine
lysergic acid di-ethyl-amine
aflatoxins
718
2
Q
A+P source ?
A
amanita mushrooms
3
Q
effects of Amanitin & phalloidin ??
A
liver necrosis
= by inhibiting cellular rna polymerase & prevent mRNA synthesis
718`
4
Q
E + LSD source ?
A
Claviceps purpura
5
Q
effects of E+LSD ?
A
Ergotism
6
Q
aflatoxins source ?
A
aspergillus
flavus
7
Q
Toxic effects of Aflatoxins ?
A
heparic carcinoma
8
Q
disease caused by fungal toxins is called ??
A
mycotoxicosis
9
Q
aflatoxins are ingested with which foods ??
A
- spoiled grains
peanuts
10
Q
pathogenesis of Hepatic carcinoma by Aflatoxins ??
A
- Aflatoxins induce mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene - loss of p53 protein – loss of growth control in the hepatocytes
11
Q
Fungal allergies name ??
A
Aspergillus fumigatus = Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
12
Q
why Anti-bacterial cannot act on fungi >??
A
due to structural differences
13
Q
anti-fungal agents cannot attack human cell ??
A
anti-fungal agents attack - fungal cell wall made of ergosterol = human cell membrane made of Cholesterol
14
Q
why bacteria cannot multiply in the fungal culture media ??
*
A
due to presence of
1. cycloheximide
chloramphenicol
low pH
15
Q
Culture media used for Fungus ?
A
- Brain heart infusion agar
dermatophyte test media
trichophyton agar
inhibitory mould agar
15
Q
Bacteria VS Fungi ??
A
- Fungal - thermal dimorphism + spores for sexuala & asexual reproduction + require organic C for Metabolism
- bacteria = spore for survival + No TD + donot require organic carbon + 70s + motile + peptidoglycan + Prokaryotic
16
Q
Fungus is E OR P ??
A
Eukaryotic
17
Q
systemic fungal drugs name ??
A
- amphotericin B
Flucon-azole
ketacon-azole
itra & posa azole
griseofulvin
flucytosin
18
Q
tropical fungal drugs name ?
A
- terbinafine
nystatin
clotrimazole
miconazole
19
Q
morphological types of Fungus ???
A
- yeast
yeast like fungus
molds
dimorphic fungus
20
Q
Example of Yeast ??
A
Crytococcus neoformans
saccromyces cerevisiae
21
Q
yeats like fungus example ??
A
candida albicans
22
Q
moulds example ??
A
dermatophytes
rhinosporidium seeberi
23
Q
dimorphic fungus name ??
*
systemic fungus
A
- histoplasma capsulatum
coccidioides immitis
para-coccidioides brasiliensis
blastomyces dermatitidis
24
why dimorphic fungus ??
*
* mold = in room temperature 22-25
* yeast = in host at body temperature 37
25
importance of dimorphic fungi ??
identification of mycoses
26
yeast VS moulds ??
* yeast - unicellular + spherical / elliptical + budding + binary fission
* mould - multicellular + microscopic filament = hyphae + reproduce by sexual & asexual spores
| 722
27
name of opportunistic fungi ??
* candida albicans
cryptococcus neoformans
aspergillus fumigatus
penicillium
mucor
28
sexual spores of fungi ??
* zygospore
ascospores
basidispores
29
asexual spores of fungi ?
* arthrospores
blastospores
sporangiospores
chlamydospores
30
those fungi that donot from sexual spores >??
fungi imperfecti
31
name of fungi imperfecti ??
dermatophytes
candida albicans
malassezia furfur
32
culture media of Fungus ??
Sabourauds dextrose agar media - SDA
33
Why dextrose in SDA ??
Dextrose - source of energy
selective media
34
superficial fungus name ??
* malassezia furfur
hortae werneckii
peidraia hortae
trichosporon species
35
what is Pity-Ria-Sis Versi-Color ??
chronic mild superficial infection of the stratum corneum by MF
## Footnote
728
36
GENUS name of dermatophytes ??
* trichophyton
epidermo-phyton
microsporum
37
trichophyton species name ??
* rubrum
tonsurans
mentagrophytes
38
epidermophytons species name ??
E floccosum
39
Microsporium species name ??
* canis
gypseum
39
what type of mycoses in dermatophytes <<
cutaneous
40
why they are Keratinophilic ??
infect only superficial keratinized structures - nail hair skin
41
D caused by dermatoophytes ??
tinea
ringworm
dermatophytosis
42
D utilize ---- for metabolism ?
keratin
43
tinea capitis area ??
scalp hair
endothrix
ectothrix
44
tinea corporis area >>>
trunk and limb
45
tinea cruris location ??
groin
46
tinea pedis / athlets foot location ???
interdigital spaces of foot
46
dermatophytid - id reaction ?
sides and flexor aspects of fingers
46
tinea barbae ??
beard hair
47
what is Id reaction ??
hypersensitivity
circulating fungal antigen
vesicle formation in the fingers
lesions donot contain hyphae
48
why dissolve in KOH ??
KOH = keratolysis
49
specimen collection for D ??
1. nail clipping
hair plucking
skin scrapping
| 733
50
microscopic exam of D & KOH
Skin - KOH 10% 1hr
hair - KOH 20% 10hr
nail - KOH 40% 10hr
51
findings of Microscopic ??
skin+ nail = septate hyphae + arthrospores
hail = ecto + endotrhix
ectothrix -fungal spores outside the hair shaft
| 733
52
culture findings of D ??
Naked eye - green red white brown + cottony powdery velvety ``
52
microconidia shape of Species of T ??
T rubrum - tear drop shape
T tonsurans - elongate
T mentagrophytes - grape like clusters
## Footnote
734
52
culture microscopic examination ??
micro & macroconidia
52
macroconidia shape of ALL genus ?
T - cylindrical
E- club
M- spindle shaped
53
subcutaneous mycoses name ??
mycetoma
53
rhinosporidium seeberi incidence ??
farmers
54
madura foot caused by ??
maduramycosis _ EuMycetoma
| 736
55
Only capsulated fungi ??
cryptococcus neoformans
56
why Histoplasma capsulatum name ??
it remains within macrophage / endothelial cells
| 742
57
species of candida ??
albicans
tropicalis
parapsilosis
glabrata
dubliniensis
| 745
58
# S
Sexually transmitted fungi >??
candida
59
Pathological conditions caused by Candida ??
Superficial
Mucosal- Oral thrush
moniliasis /vaginal candidiasis
Cutaneous - otomycosis
onychomycosis
59
gram stain of Candida ??
G +
60
systemic candidiasis name ??
meningitis
endocarditis
septicemia
esophagitis
| 746
61
Tx of onychomycosis ??
terbinafine oral
62
Nail condition in onychomycosis >>
discolored
thickened
deformed
| 746
62
how endocarditis in candidiasis ??
skin e inj er maddhome
63
predisposing factors of candida ?/
747
64
why broad spectrum antibiotics cause candidiasis >>
suppress normal flora
| 747
65
drugs caussing candidiasis >>
## Footnote
747
1. penicllin
2. fluroquinolone
3. cephalosporins
4. tetracycline
5. chloramphenicol
| 747
66
albican meaning ??
to become white / whiten
white yeast like fungi
| 749
67
mode of transmission of crytococcus ??
pigeon dropping
inhalation
68
capsular identification test name >>
india ink
queellung test
| 755
69
why india ink preparation negative ??
it stain whole fungi except capsule
| 755
70
Culture result of cryptoccus ?/
cream coloured mucoid colony
71
meningitis causing fungi ?/
histoplasma
cryptoccoccus
candida
coccidioides immitis
| 757
72
Tx of vaginal candidiasis ??
Fluconazole
| 751
73
how to identify candida albicans from other species ??
germ tube test
74
microscopic findings of candida ??
budding yeast
pseudohyphae
75
microscopic of culture ??
yeast with/without pseudohyphae
| 748
75
naked eye - culture of candida ??
cream cooured colony
76
transmission of aspergillus ??
airborne conidia
77
Tx of cryptococcus meningitis ??
amphotericin B
Flucytosin
| 757
78
what is fungal ball / asoergilloma >>.
it occurs when inhaled conidia enters in a existing cavity - germinate and produce abundant hyphae - abnormal pulmonary space
79
why sputum is not recommended specimen for pneumonia?/
759
80
Tx of pneumocystis jiroveci ??
Co-trimoxazole
| 759
81
lung affecting fungus name >
aspergillus fumigatus
82
Aspergillus sppecies <
flavus
fumigatus
83
Aspergillus shape <
V shaped branching
84
disease caused by Histoplasma >
bacterial pneumonia
pulmonary TB
Chronic granuloma
85
cryptococcus amader keno hoy na >
amra immunocompetent
86
systemic fungus arek nam
endemic fungus
87
sample for histoplasma ><
sputum
urine
tissue biopsy
bone marrow aspirates
buffy coat blood cells
88
systemic fungus kon route e hoy?
inhalation
89
pityriasis versicolor Pt complain ki thakbe >
Dipigmentation of skin
90
Itching thakbe Pv e ??
NA
91
PV er Tx ?
tropical ketoconazole
92
Rhinosporidium site ?
nose
nasophranyx
lip
palate
uvula
conjunctiva
lacrimal sac
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchus
93
under microscope cryptococcus >
budding yeast
94
candida kon system e ?
cutanous
95
CSF sample is collected from where in cryptoccus neoformans lab diagnosis ?
For **lab diagnosis of *Cryptococcus neoformans***, the **CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)** sample is collected via a **lumbar puncture** (also called a spinal tap). This procedure involves inserting a needle into the **subarachnoid space** in the lower back (between the L3-L4 or L4-L5 vertebrae) to collect CSF for analysis.
The CSF is then tested for *Cryptococcus neoformans* using methods like:
- **India ink staining** (to visualize the capsule),
- **Cryptococcal antigen testing** (e.g., latex agglutination or lateral flow assay),
- **Culture** on fungal media (e.g., Sabouraud dextrose agar).
(Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).
96
sample of C n <
755
CSF
sputum
tissue
blood
urine
cutaneous scrappings
97
Pneumia like D hole sputum chara ki sample in case of histoplasma
bronchoalveolar lavage
98
bangla of pityriasis versicolor ?
**Pityriasis versicolor**-এর বাংলা হলো **ছুলি** বা **বিভিন্ন বর্ণের ছুলি**। এটি একটি ছত্রাক সংক্রমণ (ফাঙ্গাল ইনফেকশন) যা ত্বকে হালকা বা গাঢ় দাগ সৃষ্টি করে। এটি সাধারণত *Malassezia* নামক ইস্ট দ্বারা হয়।
99
Lab Dx of tenia versicolor <
spaghetti meatball appearance
100
konta Piegeon dropping <>
Cryptococcus
101
amphotericin B prominent side effect and how to reduce it - ans in short ?
**Prominent side effect of Amphotericin B**:
- **Nephrotoxicity** (kidney damage) is the most significant side effect.
**How to reduce it**:
- Use **lipid formulations** of Amphotericin B (e.g., liposomal Amphotericin B).
- Ensure adequate **hydration** and **electrolyte monitoring**.
- Administer **saline infusion** before and after the dose.
(Source: **Pharmacology and Therapeutics**).
102
which fungal disease by eucalyptus bird ?
The fungal disease associated with **eucalyptus trees** and **birds** (particularly pigeons) is **Cryptococcosis**, caused by *Cryptococcus neoformans* or *Cryptococcus gattii*.
- *Cryptococcus neoformans* is commonly found in **soil contaminated with bird droppings** (especially pigeon droppings) and can also be associated with decaying eucalyptus wood.
- Inhalation of the fungal spores can lead to infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, causing **pulmonary cryptococcosis** or **meningoencephalitis**.
(Source: **Medical Mycology and Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).
103
treatment of moniliasis ?
Vaginal Candidiasis:
Topical antifungals: Clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin creams.
Oral antifungals: Fluconazole (single dose).
104
5 airborne fungus name ?
Here are **five airborne fungi** that can cause infections in humans:
1. **Aspergillus fumigatus** (causes aspergillosis)
2. **Cryptococcus neoformans** (causes cryptococcosis)
3. **Histoplasma capsulatum** (causes histoplasmosis)
4. **Coccidioides immitis** (causes coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever)
5. **Blastomyces dermatitidis** (causes blastomycosis)
These fungi release spores into the air, which can be inhaled and lead to respiratory or systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
(Source: **Medical Mycology and Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).
105
why fungus shows selective toxicity ??
Fungi exhibit **selective toxicity** in their ability to infect humans or other hosts because of the following reasons:
1. **Unique Cell Wall Composition**:
- Fungi have cell walls made of **chitin** and **β-glucans**, which are absent in human cells. Antifungal drugs target these components, sparing human cells.
2. **Ergosterol in Cell Membranes**:
- Fungal cell membranes contain **ergosterol** instead of cholesterol (found in human cells). Antifungal agents like **azoles** and **polyenes** specifically target ergosterol.
3. **Differences in Metabolic Pathways**:
- Fungi have unique enzymes and pathways (e.g., for nucleic acid synthesis) that can be targeted by antifungal drugs without affecting human cells.
This selective toxicity allows antifungal treatments to effectively combat fungal infections while minimizing harm to the host.
(Source: **Levinson's Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology**).
106
branch of science ?
Mycology
107
lactophenol cotton blue stain ?
phenol - disinfectant
lactic acid - preserve the morphology
glycerol = preserve drying
cotton blue - fungal element blue
108
2 main difference of C albicans from other Candida ??
1. Germ tube formation
2. Chlamydospore - present on Candida albicans
20.2.2025
8.20PM
109
India ink preparation cannot detect capsule . than how to detect it ?/
Capsular Atg - by ;Latex particle agglutination test
-Cryptococcal antigen test - crag
110
India ink preparation - what ??
Budding yest with Wide capsule
Dark background
not stain Yeast itself
111
Vaginal VS Trichomonas Candidiasis ??
page-752
VC- curdy white discharge + musocsal surface red+ moist ++ more irritation + Dx with 10% KOH
TC-frothy discharge + mucosal surface - tender inflammed + eroded + less irritation +
Dx- microscopic of the discharge in a drop of saline & culture
112
SDA media why this name ?
Raymond sabourauds
113
SDA media composition?
dextrose
peptone
agar
114
Malassezia Tx ?
miconazole
selenium sulfide
115
which purpose Tx >
cosmetic puspose
116
AIDS infect kore emon fungi ?
all opportunistic fungi
117
Hyphae ache emon fungi ?
dermatophyte
118
hyphae ki toiri kore ?
mycellium
119
pseudoH ki kore ?
chains of elongated cells
120
madura foot organism <
madurella mycetomatis
121
endemic fungi ?
deep / systemic
122
superficial mycoses Micro observation
cluster of yeast cell - grape cell
meshwork dense of hypahe
123
com plain of pt in pityriasis versicolor <
sweat beshi
hypopigemented area
irritation
124
Hortae weneckii disease ?
tinea nigra
125
chest e kon dermatophyte ?
tinea corporis
126
nail e kon D <
tinea unguium
127
D er culture e ki dekhi <
733
128
Madurella Lab dx <
🔬 - septate hyphae
129
candida normally body te koi thake >?
normal flora of
GIT
respiratory
female genital tract
130
coccidioides ki koire ?
cocci-dio-ido-mycosis
131
what type of stain is india ink ?
negative
132
cryptococcus er cell kemon hoy ?
oval
133
culture of aspergillus ?
radiating chains of conidia
134
why broad spectrum cause candidiasis ?
suppress normal flora of skin and mucous membrane
135
structure of fungi ??
eukaryotic
M = ENdopalsmic reticulum present
136
Amphotericin B oral / IV ?
IV
137
Culutre of fungi time ?
2-4 week
138
culture iof== candida time ?
24-48 hr
139
oRal trusg Tx ?
miconazole
fluconazole
mouth wash gel
140
clinical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis ?
dysuria
dyspareunia
vulval itching
vulval irritaitoon
vulval edema
141
immunocompentent kara ?
AIDS
preganancy
malignancy
extreme age
anti-cancer
OCP women
142
CN + AIDS which specimen ?
CSF
143
Morpho of candida ?
yeast like fungi
144
why yeast like fungi ?
yeast for a part of their life cycle
can be hyphal for a significant portion of life
145
pneumonia like D hole sputum chara ar ki specimen >
bronchoalveolar lavage
146
germ tube test findings ?
tube like outgrowth of yeasts are found
147
which F matha theke pa porjonto ?
dermatophytes
148
which virus linked with candida ?
EPV
HPV
149
Female e kon fungi more prone ?
candida
150
gaye sada sada dag > in sylheti
tinea versicolor
151
Tx of histoplasma ?
meningitis - fluconazole
lung lesion - oral itraconazole
disseminated diseas - amphotercin B
152
actinomycetoma findings ?
bacterial - filamentous bacteria
737
153
vaginitis cause other ?
trichomoniasis
gonorrhea
chlamydial infection
154
type of discharge in vaginal c ?
curdy whitish
155
type of discharge in trichomonas ?
a forthy yellow or cream coloi=ur
156
medical term of dandruff ?
pityriasis capitis
157
eta skin e hole ki nam ?
P versicolor
158
why D is called ring worm ??
circular
ring shaped rash
visual impression of a worm like pattern
159
which fungi cause UTI ?
candida
160
in female where candida ?
vagina
161
ph of vagina ?
acidic
162
pre-disposing factors of vaginal C <
loss of pH
pregnancy
DM
oral pill therapy
broad spectrum antibiotics - suppress normal flora
163
pigment producing fungi ?
penicillium
aspergillus
164
pneumonia causing fungi ?
pneumocystis
165
which fungi have confused either fungi or protzoa <
pneumocystis
166
why P is fungi ?
analysis of rRNA sequence + mitocondrial DNA + various enzymes
167
why pneumocystis protozoa ?
no ergosterol
no effect of anti-fungal
no growth in fungal media
168
special type of penumonia by pneumocystis ?
plasma cell P
759
169
fungal ball kader hoy ?
prevoius TB emphysema sarcoidosis
170
Tx of penumocystis ?
co-trimoxzole
171
prevention in penumocystis ?
CD4 <200
co-trimoxazole
172
transmission of aspergillus ?
airborne conidia`
173
why KOH ?
keratolytic agent
lyses keratin present in skin hair nail
facilitates the separation of fungal elements from skin hair nail
