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Microbiology -Medical-Prof > Mycobacterium > Flashcards

Mycobacterium Flashcards

1
Q

Example of typical mycobacterium ??

T-BAL

A
  1. M Tuberculosis
  2. M Bovis
  3. M Africanum
  4. M Leprae

260

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2
Q

Atypical mycobacterium whose classification ???

A

Runyon classification

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3
Q

Runyun classification bacteria ??

A
  1. Photochromogens
  2. Scotochromogens
  3. Nonchromogens
  4. Rapid grower

260

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4
Q

Photochromogens who ??

A

Yellow orange pigment produce when exposed to light

260

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5
Q

Photochromogens example ???

A
  1. M Kansasii
  2. M marinum

m k 260

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6
Q

Scotochromogens who ??

A

Produce pigments only in the dark

260

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7
Q

Scotochoromogens example ??

A

M Scrofulaceum

260

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8
Q

Non chromogens example ??

A
  1. M Avium
  2. M intercellulare

260

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9
Q

Rapid grower mycobacterium ??

A
  1. M fortuitum
  2. M cholenei

260

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10
Q

M T Complex ??

A
  1. M Tuberculosis
  2. M Africanum
  3. M Bovis
  4. M Microti

261

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11
Q

Reason of acid fastness of Mycobacterium&raquo_space;>

A
  1. High lipid content
  2. Integrity of cell wall
  3. Integrity of cell

261

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11
Q

What is acid fast ???

A

Organism ability to retain the carbolfuchsin stain despite subsequent tx with Ethanol-HCl mixture

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12
Q

Acid fast bacteria Example M ??

A
  1. M TUBERCULOSIS
  2. M BOVIS
  3. M LEPRAE

T BL

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13
Q

Features of Mycobacterium ??

A
  1. Nor G+ Nor G-
  2. Intracellular multiplication
  3. Aerobic
  4. Obligate aerobe
  5. No spore

261

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14
Q

Acid fastness example ???

NGL R

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Rhodococcus
  3. Gordonia
  4. Legionella micdadei
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15
Q

Non features of mycobacterium ?

A
  1. Non Spore
  2. Non Motile
  3. Non Capsulated

262

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16
Q

Selective media of M Tuberculosis ??

A
  1. Lowenstein Jensen media
  2. Broth media
  3. BACTEC Broth media
  4. Dubos media
  5. Tissue culture media
    becton-dickson-Mycobacterium growth inhibitory tube

262

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17
Q

Why lowenstein jensen media selective ??

A

Antibiotics & Malachite green

262

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18
Q

Virulence factors of Mycobacterium T ??

A
  1. Cord factor
  2. Sulphatides
  3. LAM - Lipo arabino mannan
  4. Heat shock protein
  5. MYcosides
  6. Superoxidase dismutase
  7. Mycolic acid
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19
Q

Cord factor microscopic view ??

A

Serpentine cords in which acid fast bacilli are arranged in parallal line

263

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20
Q

Function of cord factor ??

A
  1. Inhibit migration of leukocyte
  2. Chronic granuloma
  3. Serve as a immunologic adjuvent

263

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21
Q

Primary tuberculosis healed by ??

A

Fibrosis

263

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22
Q

Primary tuberculosis progression ??

A
  1. Progressive lung disease
  2. Bacteremia
  3. Miliary TB
  4. Hematogenous dissemination

263

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23
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity ?

A

Delayed

263

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24
Q

Pathogenesis of TB in one line ??

A

Anti Mycobacterial Cell mediated immunity

263

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25
Q

M Tuberculosis organ pathway ??

A

Inhalation - Lower lobes of lung - Macrophage

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26
Q

Ghon focus formation ??

A

Bacilli present in the macrophage recruit epithelioid & langhans cells

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27
Q

Ghon complex composition ??

A

G Focus + Regional lymph node-Lymphadenitis

263

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27
Q

Ghon focus which necrosis ??

A

Caseous necrosis

263

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28
Q

Giant cells formation&raquo_space;??

A

CMI – APC – Present Macrophage – Th cell – IL-12 – Th1 — Granuloma + CN — IFN-Gamma — Macrophage activate – Epithelioid cell – Giant cells

263

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28
Q

Ghon focus features ??

A

Pale yellow caseous nodule

263

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29
Q

Ghon complex other name ??

A

Primary compleex of RANKE

263

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30
Q

10% outcome of Primary TB ??

A
  1. Miliary TB
  2. Intestinal TB
  3. T meningitis
  4. T plurisy

263

Progressive primary TB

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31
Q

90% Larent dormant TB fate ??

A
  1. 90% No Disease
  2. 10% Secondary TB

264

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32
Q

Secondary TB site ??

A

Apex of the upper lobes

264

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33
Q

Complication of secondary TB ??

A

Vertebral osteomyelitis Potts disease

264

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34
Q

Site of Primary TB ??

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Tonsil
  3. Skin
  4. Intestine

265

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35
Q

Main findings of primary TB ??

A
  1. Cough
  2. Hemoptosis

265

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36
Q

Extra pulmonary TB site ??

A
  1. Pleura
  2. Larynx
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. GIT
  5. Kidney
  6. Bone
  7. Joints
  8. Spine
  9. CNS

265

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37
Q

80% case of Pulmonary TB ?

80% infectious

A
  1. Fever
  2. Fatigue
  3. Sweat
  4. Weight loss

265

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38
Q

How M T cause damage without exotoxin or Endotoxin ??

A

Delayed hypersensitivity
Caseating granuloma + cavitation

tuberculin necrotizing toxin -TNT
Early secreted antigen-6
ESAT-6

271

265

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39
Q

Tubercle definiton&raquo_space;??

A

Is a granuloma sourrounded by fibrous tissue — caseation necrosis

265

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40
Q

Tubercles heal by ??

A
  1. Fibrosis
  2. Calcification

265

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40
Q

Sputum (+) where ??

A

Secondary TB

266

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41
Q

Primary TB more dangerous why ??

A
  1. No prevoius immunity
  2. Miliary TB - Dissemination
  3. Meningitis
  4. Other organ involvement

267

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41
Q

Lesions produced by TB ??

A
  1. Exudative
  2. Granulomatous
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41
Q

Granulomatous lesion in TB ??

A
  1. Central - Giant cell + Tubercle bacilli
  2. Surround by - Zone of epithelioid cells

267

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42
Q

Culture of TB ?

A
  1. Lowenstein jenson
  2. Middle brook
  3. BDMGIT
    Becton Dickinson M Growth Indicator Tube

267

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42
Q

Microscopy of TB ??

According to Sir lecture

267

A
  1. Light microscopy
  2. Fluroscence microscopy

267

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43
Q

Latent infection Dx ??

A
  1. PPD test
  2. IGRA
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43
Q

Rapid molecular diagnostic test ??

A
  1. True NAT
  2. Xpert
  3. MTB/XDR
  4. gene expert
  5. CBNAAT

267

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43
Q

Other test of TB ??

A
  1. PCR
  2. Line probe aasay LPA
  3. In terferone Gamma Release Assay=IGRA
  4. Luciferase assaay
  5. Tuberculin / Mantaux test

267

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43
Q

Tuberculin test /Mantoux test ??

A

Protein derivative - ID - Diameter of induration - (Thickening) - Erythema (Redding )

268

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44
Q

Modern investigation ?

A
  1. GeneXpert MTB/RIF test
  2. Molecular probe- DNA probe to detect RNA sequence
  3. HPLC
  4. Urine test to detect Lipoarabinomannan

269

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44
Q

PPD TEST procedures ??

A

Purified Protein Derivatives
0.1 ml 5TU ID

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45
Q

PPD indicators ??

A
  1. 15 mm - No known risk
  2. 10 mm - with high risk
  3. 5 mm - Deficient CMI
    Close contact with a person having active TB

268

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46
Q

MDR TB drugs name ??

A
  1. Isoniazid
  2. Rifampicin

273

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47
Q

XDR TB drugs ??

A
  1. Isoniazid
  2. Rifampicin
  3. Fluroquinolone
  4. Kanamycin
  5. Amikacin
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48
Q

AFB stains interpretation ??

A
  1. > 10AFB = Report +++
  2. (1-10) AFB/field = R ++
  3. (10-100) AFB/field=R+
  4. (1-9) AFB/100 f = R the exact number
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49
Q

Biochemical test of TB ??

A

Produce Niacin

268

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50
Q

Role of GeneXpert in Dx of Pulmonary TB ??

A
  1. Identify M T complex
  2. Detects genes that encode Rifampicin resistance

269

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51
Q

False + in PPD ??

A

Skin test +
Patient has no TB

270

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52
Q

False - TB in PPD ??

A

Pt has TB
Skin test is -

270

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53
Q

Renal tuberculosis features ??

A
  1. Dysuria
  2. Hematuria
  3. Flank pain
  4. Sterile pyuria
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54
Q

Mycobactrium laprae diseae name ??

A

Leprosy /
Hansens disease

275

55
Q

Infection time for Lepromatous leprosy ??

A

20 hours per week for atleast 3 months in a year

275

55
Q

Why antibiotic therapy for long time ??

A

Grows very slowly
slowest growing human bacterial pathogens - 14 days

275

56
Q

Lepromatous leprosy transmission ??

A

Prolonged duration + Close contact

275

57
Q

Target cells for M leprae ??

A

Skin & Nerve cells (Schwann cells )

275

58
Q

Nerve damage in leprosy pathogenesis ??

A
  1. Direct contact with the bacterium
  2. CMI attack on the nerves

275

59
Q

Which nerve damage in Leprosy ??

60
Q

2 Forms of leprosy «

A
  1. In tuberculoid leprosy
  2. In lepromatous leprosy

276

61
Q

CMI to the organism is poor ??

A

Lepromatous leprosy

276

62
Q

CMI strong ??

A

In tuberculoid leprsoy

276

62
Q

Foamy histiocytes seen&raquo_space;??

A

In L L

276

63
Q

Granuloma containing giant cells are seen ??

A

IN tuberculoid leprosy

276

64
Q

In LL multiple nodular skin lesions — face manifestation ??

A

Leonine /Lion like facies
Prominant brow

276

65
Q

Which on is more contagious ??

A

LL&raquo_space;»» TL

276

66
Q

LL complications ??

A
  1. Leoline facies
  2. Necrosis of bones & cartilage
  3. Testicular atrophjy

276

67
Q

Histopathology biopsy of LL ?

A

Foam cells - Lipid laden macrophages

68
Q

Complications of TL ?

A
  1. Corneal ulcer
  2. Claw hand
  3. Foot drop
  4. Loss of digits
  5. Trophic ulcers
  6. Peripheral neuropathy

276

69
Q

Histopathology biopsy result of TL ??

A

Typical granuloma

277

70
Q

Lepra / Virchow cells ??

A

Lipid laden macrophage / Foam cells in nLL

279

70
Q

LL serological test result / identification ??

A

IgM against Phenolic Glycolipid-1
but not in TL

276

70
Q

Staining method in Leprae ??

A

Ziehl neelson staining with 5% H2SO4

279

71
Q

Bacteria which cannot be cultureed in conventional culture media ??

A
  1. M Laprae
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Rickettsiae
  4. Treponema pallidum

CRTM

72
Q

Lepra reaction ??

A

Acute exacerbation of any form of leprosy

279

72
Q

Ziehl neelson staining result of M L ??

A

Bright red straight / curved rods arranged in parallel bundles/ Bundles of cigars

277

73
Q

Features of lepra reaction&raquo_space;

A
  1. Fever
  2. Raised ESR
  3. Erythema nodosum leprosum - Painful nodules neuritis uveitis

279

73
Q

Tx of leprosy ??

A
  1. Dapsone
  2. Rifampicine
  3. Clofazimine

279

74
Q

Lucio phenomenon ??

A

Multiple ulcer + Endarteritis in LL 279

75
Q

Grown where ??

A

Mouse footpad / in the armadillo
reservoir for human infection
ZoonOTIC D

275

76
Q

which part of body no TB ??

A

let alone
hair
nail
everywhere

265

77
Q

stain name of TB ?

A

ziehl neelson

78
Q

ziehl neelsen result ?

A

red bacilli
blue background

269

79
Q

media culture time ?

80
Q

tuberculin test hater kon side e ?

A

floxor aspect of the forearm

81
Q

gene Xpert sylhet er kothay ??

A

rikabibazar

82
Q

tuberculin test timimg ??

A

about - half an hour for immediate hypersensitivity
then advised to report after 72 hours

83
Q

PCR of TB ki SOMC te hoy ???/

84
Q

WHy they are called atypical MYCOBACTERIUM ??

A

280
whole comparison

85
Q

why late in culture media&raquo_space;>

A

doubling time = 18 hours
slow grower

86
Q

what is doubling time ??

87
Q

BCG vaccne type ?

A

live attenuated vaccine

88
Q

does BCG give lifelong immunity ??

89
Q

lIFE long protection na dileo keno deya hoy ??

A

children der TB prevent korar jonno

90
Q

efficacy of BCG ??

91
Q

how many sputum sample is taken /

92
Q

what is sterile pyuria ?

A

Sterile pyuria is the presence of elevated white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine (pyuria) without detectable bacteria in a routine urine culture

93
Q

atypical vs typical ?

A

niacin -

280

94
Q

Name the culture media only in renal TB with sterile pyuria ?

A

In cases of renal tuberculosis (TB) with sterile pyuria, the specific culture media used to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis are:

  1. Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium
  2. Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
  3. Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
  4. Middlebrook 7H9 Broth (used in liquid culture systems like BACTEC MGIT 960)

These media are specifically designed for the growth of mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, and are essential for diagnosing renal TB when sterile pyuria is present.

95
Q

Method of pasteurization?
87

A

holding method
flash method
UHT

96
Q

Mycobacterium bovis kivabe amader sorire ase ?

A

Unpasteurized milk

97
Q

what is UHT ?

A

Ultra high temperature method

98
Q

what is the meaning of ultra in UHT ?

A

133
FOR
2 sec

99
Q

Principle of pasteurization?

100
Q

speciality of TB ?

A

AFB
Some slowly , some rapid
intracellular multiplication
do not form spores
obligate aerobe

101
Q

why M bovis cannot grow in LJ media ?

A

Glycerol sudhu M t er growth promote kore

102
Q

SOMC te kon machine for TB dx ?

A

GeneXpert
LED microscope
Digital X-ray machine

103
Q

why atypical M cannot grow in Lj media

A

malachite green inhibit kore

104
Q

which atypical TB prevalence BD te ?

A

M bovis
bovine TB

105
Q

Tuberculin / mantoux/PPD askin test name in Children ?

A

TUBERSOL
tuberculin purified protein

3.3.2025
2.36PM

pari nai

106
Q

Generation time of M t & other Bacteria ?

A

Mt - 18 hr
E coli - 20 min

107
Q

inoculation time of normal bacteria ?

A

18–24 hours at 35–37°C (under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, depending on the organism).

108
Q

diseases caused by Atypical M ?

A

lunf disease
swiming pool granuloma / fish tank g
\scrofula
skin infections

109
Q

why red-blue color in Ziehl neelson stain ?

A

Red color: Due to retention of carbol fuchsin by the acid-fast mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall.

Blue background: Due to the counterstain (methylene blue or malachite green) applied after decolorization.

110
Q

why this stain name so ? give me answer from levinson in 2 line

A

The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is named after two microbiologists: Franz Ziehl, a German bacteriologist, and Friedrich Neelsen, a German pathologist. They modified the staining technique to identify acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

111
Q

process of staining in short

A

The Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining process for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis involves the following steps:

  1. Primary Staining: Flood the slide with carbol fuchsin and heat gently to allow the dye to penetrate the mycobacterial cell wall.
  2. Decolorization: Rinse with n20% - H2SO4 acid-alcohol to remove the dye from non-acid-fast cells.
  3. Counterstaining: Apply methylene blue to stain non-acid-fast cells and the background.

Result: Acid-fast bacteria (e.g., M. tuberculosis) appear red, while non-acid-fast cells and the background appear blue.

112
Q

Acid fast stain name <

A

Z-N
kinyoun
fluroscent - auramine rhodamine

113
Q

which side of human is effected by M bovis <

A

ileocecal region

114
Q

2nd TB site ?

A

jekhane O2 beshi
apex of the upper lobe

264

115
Q

culture time ? MT ?
premanondo sir .

116
Q

tuberculin test hypersensitivity type ?

117
Q

4-6 week e culture check korba na ?

A

check korte hobe

118
Q

Why mycobacterium leprae cannot grow in culture ?

A

Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, cannot grow in standard laboratory culture media due to the following reasons:

  1. Obligate Intracellular Pathogen:
    • M. leprae requires a highly specialized environment within host cells (e.g., Schwann cells and macrophages) to survive and replicate. It cannot metabolize or grow independently outside a host.
  2. Extremely Slow Growth Rate:
    • M. leprae has an exceptionally slow replication time (approximately 12–14 days), making it difficult to cultivate in vitro.
  3. Complex Nutritional Requirements:
    • The bacterium relies on host-derived nutrients and factors that cannot be replicated in artificial culture media.
  4. Genome Reduction:
    • M. leprae has a highly reduced genome with many non-functional genes, limiting its ability to synthesize essential metabolites required for growth in culture.

Alternative Methods for Study:
- Animal Models: M. leprae can be grown in the footpads of mice or armadillos, which provide a suitable host environment.
- Molecular Techniques: PCR and genomic studies are used to detect and study M. leprae without the need for culture.

(Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology)

119
Q

kothay kivabe M leprae culture korbe ?

A

Alternative Methods for Study:
- Animal Models: M. leprae can be grown in the footpads of mice or armadillos, which provide a suitable host environment.
- Molecular Techniques: PCR and genomic studies are used to detect and study M. leprae without the need for culture.

120
Q

karo TB hocche , karo hocche na emon keno ?

A

malnutrition

121
Q

some people effected bt TB whether some are not ? why so ? give me answer in 3 line from levinson ?

A

The variation in susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) is due to differences in host immunity and genetic factors. Some individuals have strong cell-mediated immunity that controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, while others with weakened immunity (e.g., due to HIV, malnutrition, or diabetes) are more likely to develop active disease. (Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

122
Q

intracellular organism kivabe kille kore ?

123
Q

Lab Dx of leprae ?

A

modified Z-N staining

124
Q

how modified Z-N stain prepare /

A

5% H2SO4 = M l
//
//
20% H2SO4 = Mt
51 page
prem sir ques

125
Q

lperosy hospital in sylhet ,

A

kazirbazar - sheikhghat

126
Q

leprosy bangla ?

127
Q

why skin & ulnar nerve >

A

grows in = optimal T for growth = 30*
which is less than body temperature
grows preferentially

275

127
Q

site of leprosy attack >

A

skin
superficial nerve - ulnar nerve

128
Q

leprosy kader hoy ?

A

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily spreads through prolonged close contact (e.g., respiratory droplets from the nose and mouth of an infected person). However, not everyone gets infected, as host immune system and genetic factors play a significant role. (Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

128
Q

leprosy other name <

A

hansens disease

129
Q

lepromin test - why ?

A

immune system weak hoye jay tai

130
Q

lepromin test interpretation?

A

The lepromin test interpretation is as follows:

  1. Positive Reaction (Induration >5 mm):
    • Indicates a cell-mediated immune response to Mycobacterium leprae, seen in tuberculoid leprosy or healthy individuals exposed to the bacteria.
  2. Negative Reaction (No Induration):
    • Suggests anergy (lack of immune response), commonly seen in lepromatous leprosy or immunocompromised individuals.

(Source: Levinson’s Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology).

131
Q

culture media of Mt kothay rakhba >

132
Q

kivabe M leparae spread kore ?

A

prolonged duration
close contact
20hours per week for atleast 3 months in a year

133
Q

generation time of M l ?

A

14 days

275

134
Q

BCG full form /

A

bacilli calmette guerin

135
Q

immunity % of BCG <

A

developed - 80%
underdevelopeed = 0%

136
Q

why TB beshi hocche ?

A

developing country
low socio-economic status
humidity beshi air er
overpopulated

137
Q

site and time and dose of BCG ?

A

0.05ML
skin of the lower part of the deltoid region - left arm
after birth
ID

138
Q

Lj slop er sathe rerlated >

A

Pt er kun position theke smaple nicchi

139
Q

Mt keno macrophage kill korte pare na ?

A

intracellular surviva

140
Q

low grade fever can be occur in which disease - 5 name

A

Low-grade fever can occur in a variety of diseases. Here are five examples:

  1. Tuberculosis (TB)
  2. Brucellosis
  3. HIV/AIDS
  4. Lymphoma
  5. Chronic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

These conditions often present with persistent or recurrent low-grade fever as a symptom. (Source: Clinical Medicine and Pathophysiology).

141
Q

MT er sathe mycology er kono relation ache ?

A

At first TB was thought to be a fungal disease
tai Myco-name

142
Q

vaccinated pt e tuberculin test ?

Microbiology -Medical-Prof (49 decks)

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