mr tweedale-paper 2

Question 1

what is personality

Answer 1

unique physiological make up

Question 2

trait theory

Answer 2

individual is born with innate characteristics called traits
stable and stay same inn different situations
e.g extrovert basketball player, trains with extrovert mannerisms

Question 3

issues with trait theory

Answer 3

doesn’t take into account behaviour change

Question 4

social learning approach

Answer 4

suggests behaviour is learnt from significiant others
rather then born with charcteristics, learn them from others espically ones we lookup to, significant others
e.g role models
learn from actions that ae succesful and rewarded/reinforced
learn by
observe
identify
rreinforce
copy
olly is randal c

Question 5

socialisation

Answer 5

picking up behaviour from others

Question 6

interactionist perspective

Answer 6

theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviour in sporting situations
suggests traits we are born with are adapted to the situation
e.g. performer who is assertive, dominant, would use traits in game situation when there is a need to impose a presence on the play

Question 7

Hollander approach

Answer 7

beleievd personality made up of three feautures
core of performer-represnts values and beliefs of performer
typical response-how it is displayed to the sporting situation
role-related behaviour-peformer may adopt to specifc role when demands

Question 8

sporting example of Hollander approach

Answer 8

core-rugby player has values of strong ethic and wants to work hard
typical response-when team struggling,may run back and defend to help team

Question 9

attitudes

Answer 9

what you think about something
opinion
value or belief towards something
attitudes are formed by socialisation-picking up values/beliefs from others

Question 10

attitude components

Answer 10

Cognitive-simply what you think, your beliefs
e.g in sport simply believing you will win before you start
Affective part-concerns feelings and emotions of performer
when performer enjoys taking part
Behavioural part-what you do
actions and habits of performer
player who shows to every training shows good behavioural part
CAB

Question 11

attitude change

Answer 11

attiutes can be both positive and negative
persuasive communication
cognitive dissociance

Question 12

cognitive dissocciance

Answer 12

where coach puts pressure on
coach may give player new approach implying that their attitude is currently wrong
makign activity more fun
using rewards and reinforcement

Question 13

persuasive communication

Answer 13

talking to promote change in attitude and beliefs
may be difficualt as belaifes are very stable so hard to chnage

Question 14

arousal in sport

Answer 14

level of activation, degree of readiness to perform
energised state
readiness to perform drive to achieve

Question 15

drive theory

Answer 15

based on assumption that as arousal increases, so does performance levels

Question 16

drive and dominant response

Answer 16

idea that increased arousal does not always mean increased drive/performance
performance can not always just improve
high arousal, less info is processed
due to dominant repsonse
dominant repsonse is the stand out repsonse that perfomer feels is correct
normally correct in experts and continue at high levels of perfomamnce
not always correct in beginners, may not be developed and may pick wrong thing to do, decreasing performance

Question 17

inverted u theory

Answer 17

increased arousal, increases performance but to an optimum point(the moderate level of anxiety) then gradul deteroriation (slow decrease)
both under arousal and over arousal can be equally bad for performance

Question 18

catastrophe theory

Answer 18

same as inverted u theory
arousal increases with performance but up to an optimum point then sudden dramatic reduction in performance
decrease in performance happens due to cognitive and somantic anxieties
performer may return it back to optimal but only if anxiety is mild

Question 19

somatic anxiety

Answer 19

physicological anxiety
e.g increase in HR

Question 20

cognitive anxiety

Answer 20

psychological anxiety
e.g worries about performance, lack of concentration

Question 21

zone of optimal functioning

Answer 21

believed optimum level is not a point but a zone
zone is differrnt for every perfomer
some zone is in high arousal, some moderate and some low
performers can find their own zone using techniques e.g mental practice
being in zone, can lead to peak flow experience

Question 22

peak flow experience

Answer 22

feelings and performance levels experienced in zone
timing, action and performance are all perfect
ultimate intrinsic experince
having the belief to complete challenge
clear goals
come from anxiety control, postive mental attitude, high levels of confidence

Question 23

factors affecting peak flow experience

Answer 23

bad mental preparation
failure to reach optimum arousal levels
effect of injury or fatigue during a game

Question 24

anxiety in sport

Answer 24

competitive trait theory
competiev state theory
cogntive
somantic