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mr smith-cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

the bodys transport system
includes heart and blood vessels
delivers oxygen to working muscles
transports heat to skin so performer can cool down

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2
Q

what divides the heart into two parts

A

muscular wall called the septum
each part contains two chambers(atrium and ventricles)

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3
Q

characteristics of atriums

A

-thin muscular walls (only pushing blood to ventricles which does not require much force)

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4
Q

characteristics of ventricles

A

thicker muscular walls (need greater force in order to push blood out of heart

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5
Q

which side (left or right) of the body is larger and why

A

left side as needs to pump blood all around the body
right side only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs which are close to the heart

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6
Q

blood vessels that return to the heart

A

vena cava-brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium
pulmonary vein-brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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7
Q

blood vessels that leave the heart

A

pulmonary artery-leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to lungs
aorta-leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood to rest of the body

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8
Q

valves of the heart

A

-4 main valves
-help assure blood flows in one direction
-open to allow blood flow
-close to reduce blood backflow

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9
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

group of specialised cells that send electrical impulses to cardiac muscle

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10
Q

myogenic

A

capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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11
Q

stages of the cardiac conduction system

A

-sends electrical signal in the SA node (sinoatrial node) also the pacemaker
-the electrical impulse then spreads through the heart
-the impulse spreads through walls of atria, causing them to contract and force blood into ventricles
-impulse then passes through the AV node (atrioventricular node) found in septum
-this delays transmission of cardiac impulse for approximately 0.1 seconds allowing atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins
-electrical impulse then goes down to Bundle of HIS (located in septum)
-they move into smaller bundles called punkji fibres
-spread throughout ventricles causing them to contract
-ventricular systole takes place

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12
Q

what are the three receptors

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioceptors

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13
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

stimulates heart to beat faster

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14
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

returns heart to resting level

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15
Q

what is the nervous system made up of

A

central nervous system ( consists of the brain and spinal cords)
peripheral nervous system(consists of nerve cells that transmit info to and from CNS)

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16
Q

what are the two systems(CNS and peripheral) coordinated by

A

CCC
Cardiac control centre
located in the medulla oblongata in brain
it is stimulated by 3 receptors (chemo, baro, proprio)

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17
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-detect chemical changes
-during exercise, detect change in C02
-c02 good at controlling heart rate
-more concentrated the co2 is, will stimulate sympathetic nervous system which increase heart rate

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18
Q

baroreceptors

A

-detect changes in blood pressure
-they establish set point for blood pressure
-if there is increase or decrease from set point, send signal to medulla oblagata(CCC)
-increase in arterial pressure, increases stretch of baroreceptors, decrease in HR
-decrease in arterial pressure, reduces stretch of baroreceptors, increase in HR

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19
Q

proprioceptors

A

-detect movement
-located in muscles and tendons
-they send impulse to medulla, sends impulse to sympathetic nervous system to SA to increase HR

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20
Q

hormonal control mechnanism

A
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21
Q

what is hormonal control

A

release of adrenaline during exercise
adrenaline stimulates SA node which increases speed and force of contraction
increasing cardiac output
results in more blood being pumped to working muscles so they receive more oxygen for energy needed

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22
Q

what is adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by the sympathetic nerves during exercise

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23
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline

A

stress hormone

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24
Q
A
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25
Q
A
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26
Q

plantarflexion

A

increase in angle between foot and tibia

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27
Q

dorsiflexion

A

decrease in angle between foot and tibia

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28
Q

abduction

A

movement of limbs away from midline of the body

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29
Q

adduction

A

movement of limbs towards midline of the body

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30
Q

shoulder adduction

A

agonist-lattissmus dorsi
antagonist-medial deltoid

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31
Q

shoulder abduction

A

agonist-medial deltoid
antagonist-latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

shoulder flexion

A

agonist-anterior deltoid
antagonist-latissimus dorsi

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33
Q

shoulder extension

A

agonist-latissimus dorsi
antagonist-anterior deltoid

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34
Q

shoulder horizontal abduction

A

agonist-latissimus dorsi
antagonist-pectorals

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35
Q

shoulder horizontal adduction

A

agonist-pectorals
antagonist-latissimus dorsi

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36
Q

hip flexion

A

agonist-hip flexors
antagonist-gluteal

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37
Q

hip extension

A

agonist-gluteal
antagonist-hip flexors

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38
Q

example of hip extension

A

drawing leg back in kicking ball

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39
Q

hip adduction

A

agonist-adductors
antagonist-TFL (tensor facia latae)

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40
Q

hip abduction

A

agonist-tensor facia latae
antagonist-adductors

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41
Q

example of hip abduction

A

goalkeeper reaching to defend goal
star jump in gymnastics

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42
Q

horizontal abduction at hip

A

antagonist-tensor facia latae
agonist-gluteual minimus and medius

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43
Q

example of horizontal abduction at hip

A

trail leg as hurdler approaches the hurdle

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44
Q

horizontal adduction

A

antagonist-TFL
agonist-gluetal mdeius

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45
Q

sagittal and transverse

A

only flexion and extension

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46
Q

frontal and sagittal

A

abduction and adduction

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47
Q

transverse and longitudinal

A

horizontal abduction
horizontal adduction

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48
Q

isotonic movement examples

A

concentric
essentric

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49
Q

isometric

A

stable/no movement
force generated by contracting but no change in length

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50
Q

isometric example

A

being balanced
e.g. plank

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51
Q

concentric contraction

A

when a muscle contracts to produce movement and shortens

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52
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle contracts to produce movement and lengthens

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53
Q

example of concentric contraction

A

UPWARD PHASE MOVEMENTS
e.g. squats

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54
Q

example of eccentric contractions

A

DOWNWARD PHASE MOVEMENTS
e.g. squats

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55
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to right side of heart by vena cava

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56
Q

what percentage of blood is maintained in veins at rest

A

70%

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57
Q

does venous return increase or decrease during exercise

A

increases as need more blood back to heart
means more blood will be then pumped back of heart stroke volume increases-starlings law

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58
Q

what are the venous return mechanisms

A

respiratory pump
skeltal msucle pump
pocket valves

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59
Q

the skeletal muscle pump

A

when muscles contract they also change shape
change in shape means muscles press on nearby veins causing pumping effect and squeeze blood back towards heart

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60
Q

respiratory pump

A

when muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out
pressure chnages in chest and abdominal
changes in pressures compress nearby veins causing blood to be squeezed back to heart

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61
Q

pocket valves

A

prevent bood back flowing
once bllod passed through, they close to stop blood from flowing in any other direction

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62
Q

what is blood pooling

A

blood collecting in veins

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63
Q

what is the impact of blood pressure on venous return

A

systolic blood increases, also increases venous return
when systolic blood decreases, also decreases venous return

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64
Q

starlings law

A

if venous return increases
heart contracts with more force
increase ejection fraction
stroke volume

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65
Q

what happens to oxygen during exercise

A

3% dissolves into plasma
97% combines with haemoglobin

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66
Q

what is formed when oxygen and haemoglobin combine

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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67
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

sends electrical impulse to cardiac muscle
causing it to contract
in through atria and out of ventricles

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68
Q

why is the heart myogenic

A

starts beat itself with electrical signal in SA node

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69
Q

what happens in the cardiac conduction system

A

electrical signal in SA node spreads through the heart
impulse spreads to walls of atria causing them to contract and force blood into ventricles
impulse then passes to AV node
AV node delays transmission of cardiac impulse by 0.1 seconds to enable atria to fully contract
electrical passes down to bundle of HIS
locates in septum
branches out and moves into smaller branches, punkji fibres
spreead throughout ventricles to cause them to contract

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70
Q

what are the 3 mechnisma that controol the rate at which cardiac impulses are fired from sa node

A

proprioreceptors
baroreceptors
chemorerceptors

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71
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates heart to beat faster

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72
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns heart to resting level

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73
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical changes
detect increase in C02
role of co2 is good at controlling heart rate
increased concentration in c02 stimulates sympathetic nervous system which makes heart beat faster

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74
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure
establish set point for blood pressure
increase ij this set point or decrease in set point, sends signal to medualla of brain
increase in artial pressure, increase in stretch and results in decrease of HR

75
Q

baroreceptors summed up

A

increase in arterial pressure, increase in stretch, decrease in HR
decrease in arterial pressure, decrease in stretch,increase in HR

76
Q

proprioreceptors

A

detect changes in movement
located in mucles, joints and tendons
start, detect change in muscle movement
receptors then send signal to medulla
sends impulse to sympathetic nervouse system to SA node
increase HR

77
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by sympathetic nervous system

78
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped out of heart ventricles in each contraction

79
Q

what does stroke volume depend on

A

venous return-volume of blood returning to heart via the veins
elasticity of cardiac muscles-

80
Q

relatiosnship between stroke volume and venous return

A

as stroke volume increase, so does venous return
if more blood enters heart, more blood goes out

81
Q

diastole phase

A

heart relaxes to fill with blood

82
Q

starlings law

A

elasticity of cardiac muscle
more muscle stretches during diostole
greater force of contraction
increase in ejection fraction
idea of starlings law

83
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

percenatge of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat

84
Q

what is heart rate

A

amount of times heart beat per minute

85
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of heart ventricles per minute
equal to stroke volume times HR

86
Q

how do you calculate max HR

A

220-age

87
Q

what is cardiac hypertrophy

A

where cardiac muscle beomes bigger and stronger

88
Q

what is bradycardia

A

decrease in resting HR

89
Q

cardiac output in response to exercise

A

increases as well as stroke volume and heart rate
but only to max intensity
then plateaus

90
Q

stroke volume in response to exercise

A

increases till about 40-60% intensity then plateaus
ventricles do not have as much time to fill up with blood so cant pump as much out

91
Q

when is conory heart diseased caused

A

occurs when conoary heart arteries are blocked or built up with fatty deposits-process called atheroscelerosis

92
Q

what are the fatty deposits called

A

atheroma

93
Q

what do your conary arteries do

A

supply heart with oxygenated blood

94
Q

what is the process of conrary arteries being blocked or narrowed by fatty deposits

A

atherosclerosis

95
Q

what are things that can casue conary heart disease

A

high chlosterol levels
lack of exercise
smoking

96
Q

what is angina

A

when blockage of conary arteries causes discomfort

97
Q

what can cause a blood clot

A

if arthermona (fatty deposit) breaks up in conary artery
can cut of supply of oxygen to blood causing heart attack

98
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against blood vessel wall

99
Q

two types of chloestrol

A

HDL-high denisty lipoproteins
known as good chlosterol as lower risk of HR
LDL-low density lipoproteins
bad chlosetrol as increase risk of heart disease

100
Q

what is a stroke

A

when blood supply to part of brain is cut off

101
Q

cardiovascular drift

A

idea that at a steady, HR doesnt stay the same but slowly climbs
this is cardiovascular drift
progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure, but progressive increase in HR

102
Q

what is the vascular system made up of

A

blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to body and take away waste products e.g carbon dioxide

103
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonery-
systemic

104
Q

what are the five different blood vessels in the vascular system that carry blood around body then transport it back to heart

A

heart
arteries
arterioles
cappilaries
venules
veins
heart

105
Q

charcateristics of veins

A

contain valves-prevent chnage in blood direction, close to keep blood flowing in one direction
thin walls
blood at low pressure

106
Q

charcteristics of arteries

A

high blood pressure
smaller lumen

107
Q

characteristics of capilleries

A

only wide enough to fit one blood cell through
one cell thick

108
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to right side of heart via the vena cava
during exercise, venous return increases

109
Q

what are the three venous return mechanisms
RSP

A

skeltal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

110
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

when msucles contract and relax, chnage shape
muscles press on nearby veins
causing pumping effect
squeeze blood towards heart

111
Q

respiratory pump

A

muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out
pressure chnages in chest and abdominals causing compression against nearby veins
assist blood back to heart

112
Q

pocket valves

A

assure blood flows in one direction and doesn’t change direction
open and close to let blood flow and prevent blood backflow

113
Q

when do the mechanisms need to be working

A

during exercise as too much oxygen to meet demand and suring active cool down
prvent blood pooling

114
Q

what is blood pooling

A

collection of blood in veins

115
Q

what happens to oxygen during exercise where does it go

A

3% dissolves into plasma
97% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

116
Q

what does oxygen and haemoglobin make

A

oxyhameoglobin

117
Q

what happens to oxygen at tissues

A

oxygen is released from oxyhameoglobin reffered to as oxyhameoglobin dissociation

118
Q

what is shunting

A

redistribution of blood to working muscles

119
Q

why should we eat at least 1 hour before exercise

A

as full gut will mean blood is directed to the stomach rather then the working muscles

120
Q

control of blood flow

A

exercise
detected by chemorecpetors which detect co2 levels
stimulate medualla
redistribute blood flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

121
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow into capilleries

122
Q

what is vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow in capillaries

123
Q

what happens to oxygen during vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

more oxygen needed at working msucles
vasodilation wll occur at needed muscles
vasodilation will occur to muscles not being used intestines and liver

124
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood leaving heart per beat

125
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood leaving heart per minute
calculated by stroke volume times heart rate

126
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air expired after normal breath

127
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in lungs even after expiratory reserve volume

128
Q

minute ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in or out of lungs per minute
tidal volume times breathing frequency

129
Q

sub max

A

supply of 02 can meet demand
02 deficit repaid
steady state
aerobic

130
Q

max

A

supply of 02 can not meet demand
HR continues to increase
until lactate threshold is reached
for anaerobic exercise

131
Q

charactersics of atria

A

smaller then venetricles
onl have to push blood down to the ventricles

doesnt require much force so thin muscular walls

132
Q

charcterstics of ventricles

A

thicker msuclar walls as have to contract and push blood all of the way out of the heart

requires more force so thicker walls

133
Q

which side is bigger of the heart

A

left side is bigger as needs to pump blood all around body

right side smaller as only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

134
Q

blood vessels of heart

A

vena cava-brings deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

pulmonery vein-brings oxygenated blood back to left atrium

pulmoney artery-takes deoxygenated blood from rigth ventricle back to the lungs

aarota-takes oxygenated blood from left ventricle back to rest of the body

135
Q

valves of the heart

A

assures blood flows in only one direction

open to allow blood flow
close to prevent blood backflow

tricuspid valce located between rigth atrium and right ventricle
bicuspid located between left ventricle and left atrium
semi lunar valves found in between all valves

136
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

sa node
av node
bundle of his
punkji fibres

137
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

send electrical impulses to cardiac muscle causing it to contract

myogenic as heart beats itself

138
Q

sa node

A

signal spread through heart (wave of excitation)
spread through walls of atria for them to contract and force blood to the ventricles

139
Q

av node

A

impulse passes through av node
delays transmission of cardiac impulse for approxiamely 0.1 secs to allow atria to fully atract before ventricular systole begins

140
Q

bundle of his

A

passed down fibres which form the bundle of his
branches out into two bundle bunches
moves into smaller bundles called punkji fibres

141
Q

punjki fibres

A

spread signal to ventricles to allow them to fully contract

142
Q

what control the rate of the cardiac conduction system

A

control rate at which cardiac impulses can be fired

143
Q

what doez the neural control mechansim consist of

A

sympathetic nervous system-stimulates heart to beat faster

parasympathetic nervous system-returns heart to resting level

144
Q

what is the nervous system made up of

A

central nervous sytem-brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system-nerve cells that transmit info to and from CNS

145
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense chemical changes
during exercise,detect increase in carbon dioxude

carbon dioxide imporant in controlling HR

increase in concetration of co2 will have effect of stmulating sympathetic nervous system, heart will beat faster

146
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure
establish set point
any increase or decrease from set point

they signal medulla in brain

increase in arterial pressure causes increase in stretch of baroreceptors, results in decrease in HR

147
Q

proprioreceptors

A

nerve endings located in muscles

provide info about movement and body position

exercise, detect increase in msucle movement
send impulse to medulla
sends signal through sympathetic nervous system to SA node to increase HR

when parasympathetic system stimulates SA node, HR decreases

148
Q

hormonal control

A

release stress hormone adrenaline

stimulates SA node (pacemaker

increasse in speed and force of contraction
inceases cardiac output

adrenalise-stress hormone released by sympathetic nerve and cardiac nerve during exercise

149
Q

what is strove volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of ventricles per contraction

150
Q

what are the two factors that SV depedn on

A

venous return
elasticiity of cardiac fibre

151
Q

how does sv affact venous return

A

venous return-amount of blood returning back to heart via the veins

if venous return increases, Sv also increases

as more blood returns to the heart, more blood is then pumped out

152
Q

elasticity of cardiac fibres

A

concerned with degree of stretch of cardiac tissue durig diastolic phase of cardiac cycle
more cardiac fibre can stretch, greater the force of contraction

153
Q

starlings law

A

increased venous return-greater diastolling filling of heart-cardiac muscle stretched-more force of contraction-increased ejection fraction

154
Q

ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat

155
Q

how does cardiac tissue affect sv

A

greater the contralicerty of cardiac tissue, greater the force of contraction
increasse in SV

156
Q

impact of exercise on HR

A
157
Q

HR

A

number of times heart beat per minute

158
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of heart ventricles per minute
SV times HR=cardiac output

159
Q

heart rate in response to exercise

A

HR increases but is depedednt on intesnsity of exercise

higher intensity, higher HR

160
Q

maximum HR calcualtion

A

220-age

161
Q

why does trained perfomrer have greater heart rate range

A

resting HR is lower
max heart rate increases

162
Q

hints to remember sub max and max graphs

A

sub max-strraigth top
for jogging
demand of oxygen is met

max-mountain
for sprints

163
Q

cardiac hypertrophy

A

where cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger
happens when regualr aerobic training takes place

164
Q

3 main things to think

A

SV
HR
CQ

165
Q

bradycardia

A

reduction in H

166
Q

cardiac output in response to exercise

A

during exercise, huge increase in CQ due to increase in HR and increase in SV

Increase as intensity increases but only till max intensity is reached, the plateaus

at rest, cariadc output stays the same

MAX cardiac output changes

167
Q

Sv in response to exercise

A

SV increases as intensity increases
only case up to 40-60% effort
once hit this point, SV plateaus
ventricles do not have as long to fill up with blood

168
Q

why does heart disease take place

A

conoary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood
become blocked or narrowed by build up of fatty deposits
proccess is called atherosclerosis

169
Q

what are the fatty deposits called

A

atheroma

170
Q

what can cause artheroscerlosis

A

lack of exercise
smoking
high levels of chloestrol

171
Q

what happens when conorary arteries become narrow

A

cannot deliver as much oxgen to heart
pain occurs

172
Q

what is the pain called from atherscerlosis

A

agina

173
Q

what causes a blood clot

A

piece of fatty acid breaks off in conorary artery. results in blockage forming
cut off supply of oxygenated blood to ehart muscle
result in heart attack

174
Q

what is the impact of increased blood pressure

A

puts strain on arteries
left untreated, increase risk of heart attacj
regular exercise can reduce blood pressue

175
Q

what are the two types of cholestrol

A

HDL-bad cholestrol
links to increased risk of heart disease

LDL-good cholestrol
lowers risk of heart disease

176
Q

stroke

A

blood supply to brain is cut off

177
Q

heart disease

A

blood supply to heart muscle cut off

178
Q

cardiovascualr drift

A

steady state when HR should stay the same but instead slowly rises

progressive decrease in SV and blood pressure with increase in HR
when we sweat, portion of this fluid is from plasma volume
decrease in plasma volume, reduces sv and venous return
Hr increases to maintain CQ to create more energy to cool body down

179
Q

venous return

A

return of blood back to heart via the veins

180
Q

venous return mechanisms

A

skeltal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

sally reads purposelly

181
Q

skeltal muscle pump

A

when msucles contract and relax, xhnage shape
this chnage in shape means muscles ress on nearby veins
causing pumping effect
squeeze blood towards heart

182
Q

repiratory pump

A

when ksucles contract breathing in and out, pressure chnages
pressure change casues nearby veins to compress
asssists blood returns back to heart

183
Q

pocket valves

A

prevent blood backflow
assure blood flows in one diraction

mock revision pe (41 decks)

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