cadiovascular system 2

Question 1

which is bigger atria’s or ventricles

Answer 1

atria’s smaller with thinner muscular walls as only push blood down to ventricles
requires little force
ventricles larger with thicker muscular walls in order to push blood out of heart

Question 2

which side is larger

Answer 2

left side is larger as has to push blood around whole body
right side only have to pump deoxygenated blood back to lungs which is in close proximity with heart

Question 3

chemoreeptord

Answer 3

ccc
detects chemical changes
during exercise, detects changes in c02
c02 imporant in controlling HR
increase in concentration of c02 stimulates sympatheic nervous syetm, heart will beat faster

Question 4

baroreceptors

Answer 4

establish set point for blood pressure
if below or above blood pressure
sends signal to medulla in brain
increase in arterial pressure, causes increase in stretch, decreases HR
during exercise, set point increases

Question 5

proprioceptors

Answer 5

located in muscles, joints and tendons
provides info about movement
start of exercise, detect movement

Question 6

hormonal control mechanism

Answer 6

hormones can also have effect on HR
release of adrenaline known as hormonal control
adrenaline-stress hormone released by sympathetic

Question 7

cardiac conduction system

Answer 7

send electrial impules to cardiac muscle
sa node
av node
bundle of HIS
punkji fibres

Question 8

sa node

Answer 8

pacemaker-sets pace of the signal
myogenic-beat startes in heart muscle itself with signal in sa node
signal spreads across heart (wave of excitation)
spreads through walls of atria causimg them to contract and forceblood down to ventricles

Question 9

av node

Answer 9

delays the transmisson of the cardiac impulse for around 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to fully control and venticular systole to start

Question 10

bundle of HIS

Answer 10

located in the septum
bracnhes out tinto two bundle branchez
moves into smaller branches
called as punkji fibres

Question 11

punkji fibres

Answer 11

spread throughout ventricles causing them to contract

Question 12

hormonal control mechanism

Answer 12

has effect on HR
release of adrenaline during exercise-hormonal control
adrenaline is a stress hormone
released by sympatheic nerves
stimulates SA node
increases both speed and force of contraction, increases cardiac ouput ‘

Question 13

stroke volume

Answer 13

volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles per contraction
can be influenced by venous return and the stretch of the cardiac fibres
venous return-volume of blood returning to heart via the veins. if venous return increases, so does stroke volume(more going out of heart, the more coming in)

starlings law
increase in venous return=greater diastollic filling phase=greater stretch of cardiac muscle=larger force of contraction=increased ejection fraction

Question 14

cariac output

Answer 14

volume of blood pumped out of ventricles per minute

Question 16

heart rate

Answer 16

number of times heart beats per minute

Question 17

HR in response to exercise

Answer 17

increases directly proportinately with the increase in intensity of exercise
does however reach a max HR
calculated by 220-age

Question 18

sub maximal exercise graphs explained

Answer 18

stready state as athlet can meet oxygen demadn to oxygen supply

Question 19

hypertrophy

Answer 19

when the cardiac muscle gets bigger and stronger

Question 20

caridac output in response to exercise

Answer 20

increases due to increase in SV and HR
when hits max intensity, it plateaus

Question 21

how do you calculate Cardiac Output

Answer 21

HR times SV

Question 22

stroke volume in response to exercise

Answer 22

increases as intenstity increases
when max effort reached, also plateaus

Question 23

CHD (conary heart disease)

Answer 23

occurs when your conary atreiers that supply oxygenated blood to heart mucsclr, become blocked or start to narrow due to gradul build up of fatty deposits
process called atheroscelorisis
fatty deposits are called atheroma

Question 24

what are the fatty deposits called that build up in conorary arteries causing CHD

Answer 24

atheroma

Question 25

whta can cause atheroscelerosis

Answer 25

lack of exercise
high levels of chloestrol
smoking

Question 26

what is angina

Answer 26

pain and discomfot found when conory arteries are blocked so cant deliver oxygenated blood to heart msucle

Question 27

what causes a blood clot

Answer 27

piece of atheroma is broken off in conary artery, cutting of oxygenated blood supply to cardiac msucle
resulting in Heart attack

Question 28

what are the two types of cholestrol

Answer 28

LDL-bad cholesterol as increase risk of HD
HDL-good cholesterol as lower risk of HD
exercise lowers LDL levels and increases HDL levles

Question 29

stroke

Answer 29

occurs when blood supply to brain is cut off

Question 30

cardiovascular drift

Answer 30

cariodvascular increases=heart rate increases=strove volume decreases=beacuse fluid lost as sweat=resulting in reduced plasma vokune=reduced venous return=cardiac output increased due to more energy needed to cool body/sweat

Question 31

blood vessels in order

Answer 31

heart=arteries=arterioles=capilerries=venules=veins=heart

Question 32

characteristics of veins

Answer 32

thin elastic tissue layers
valves and wide luman

Question 33

charcteristics of arteries

Answer 33

small lumen smooth inner layer

Question 34

capilleries

Answer 34

only wide enough to allow one red blood cell to pass through at a given time

Question 35

systolic pressure

Answer 35

pressure in arteries when ventrices are contracti g

Question 36

diastolic pressure

Answer 36

pressure in arteriers when ventricles are relaxing

Question 37

evenous return mechnisms

Answer 37

skeletal msucle pump
repiratory pump
pocket valves

Question 38

skeletal muscle pump

Answer 38

mucles contract and relax, change shape
this cahnge of shape means they press on nearby veins
causing pumping efect
and blood squeezed back to heart

Question 39

repiratory pump

Answer 39

whne we breath in and out, pressure levels change
chnages in pressure, compress nearby veins
causing them to bring blood bakc to heart

Question 40

pocket valves

Answer 40

prevent blood backflow
assue blood is flowing in one direction only

Question 41

impact of blood pressure on venous return

Answer 41

systolic pressur -pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract
dystoic pressure-pressure in arteries when ventricles relax
as venous return increases, so does blood pressire
when decreses, so does blood pressure

Question 42

transportaion of oxygen

Answer 42

capilleries-when oxygen diffueses into cappileries 3& dissolves in plasma 97% of hb combines with oxygen causing oxyhamoglobin #when fully saturated, hameoglobin will carry 4 oxygen molecules
tissues-release of oxygen fromoxyhamgolib takes place-called oxyhamogolib dissocistion
muscles-oxygen stored as myoglobin
higher affinity for oxygen
will store the oxygen for mitochondira until used by the muscles

Question 43

redistribution of blood

Answer 43

durig exercise, redistibution of blood is higher as needs to go to muscles that need oxygen
redistribution to areas of body that need it most-vasuclar shunt mechnism
perfomers should not eat any later then hour before comp, as blood wil be redistributed to stomach rather then working muscles
blood flow to brain must remain constant

Question 44

tidal volume

Answer 44

volume of air breathed in and out per breath
increases during exercise

Question 45

minute ventilation

Answer 45

volume of air breathed in and out per minute
big increase during exercise

Question 46

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 46

volume of air that can be forcfully inspired after a normal breath
decreases during exercise

Question 47

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 47

volume of air forecefully expired after a normal breath
slightly decreases during exercise

Question 48

residual volume

Answer 48

volume of air left in lungs after max expiration
stays the same during exercise