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mock revision pe > catdiovascuLr sustem > Flashcards

catdiovascuLr sustem Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CCC stimulated by

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
proprioreceptors

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2
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense chemical chnages
detect chnages in c02
excerise, increase in c02
c02 important in controlling Hr
when increase in concentration of c02, stimulates sympathetic nervous system to increase HR

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3
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure
choose set point
any increase or decrease from set point, causes signal to be sent to medulla
increase in arterial pressure, increase in stretch of baroreceptors, reduction in HR

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4
Q

proprioreceptors

A

detect chnages in movement
exercise, detect change in movement
impulse then sent to medulla
sends impulse through sympathetic nervous system to SA NODE to increase HR

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5
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out out ventricles per contraction

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6
Q

stroke volume and venous return relaistoop

A

as venous return increases, so does SV
more blood coming back to heart, more blood leaving heart

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7
Q

starlings law

A

increase in venous return, greater diastolic filling phase, greater stretch of cardiac muscle, greater force of contraction, greater ejection fraction

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8
Q

heart rate

A

amount of times heart beats per minute

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9
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of ventrixles per mintier

SVxHR

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10
Q

max heart rate calculation

A

220-age

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11
Q

max exercise graph

A

ananerobic excerise e.g sprinting

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12
Q

sub max exercise graph

A

straight line at top
aerobic exercise e.g jogging
steady as oxygen meets demand

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13
Q

what happens to cardiac output during exercise

A

increase due to increase in SV and HR but only increased until certain point, then plateaus

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14
Q

cardiac hupotrophy

A

cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger

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15
Q

bradycardia

A

reduction in HR to 60 beats per minute

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16
Q

heart disease

A

caused by smoking, low cholesterol levels, lack in exercise
coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart
coronary arteries become blocked up or narrowed by fatty deposits (atheroma)
process called atherosclerosis
arteries become less able to deliver as much oxygen to heart -causes pain agina
if one of the fatty deposits falls off it causes a blood clot which can cut off supply to heart causing heart attacks

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17
Q

benefits of exercise on the heart

A

keeps heart healthy

can pump more void around the body

makes heart bigger and strong (cardiohypertrophy)

increases SV
maintain flexibility of blood vessels

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18
Q

stroke

A

blood supply to brain is cut off

brain cells start to die

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19
Q

two types of strokes

A

HI
haemorrhagic-stroke occurs from weakned blood vessel supplying brain bursts

ischaemic-blood clot stops blood supply

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20
Q

cardiovascular drift

A

heart rate should stay same during steady state of exercise

instead slowly climbs-cardiovascular drift

decrease in pressure and SV but increase in HR

when environment is warm

caused by sweat, when we sweat some of lost fluid comes from plasma volume
decrease in plasma, reduces venous return and stroke volume

HR increases to maintain higher cardiac output to create more energy to cool body down

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21
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary-deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs, oxygenated blood back to heart
systemic-oxygenated bloody from heart and lungs, deoxygenated blood back to heart

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22
Q

characteristics of veins

A

blood at low pressure
thin muscular layers

contain valves

wide lumen

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23
Q

arteries

A

highest pressure
smaller lumen

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24
Q

cappileries

A

only wide enough to allow one red blood cell to pass through at given time

one cell thick meaning short diffusion pathway

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25
Q

relationship of pressure and vasodilation or construction

A

diastolic phase decreases due to vasodilation

systolic pressure

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26
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to right side of the body via the vena cava

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27
Q

venous return mechanisms

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
pocket valves

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28
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

as muscles contract and relax they change shape
compress on nearby behind causing pumping effect and more blood to be pumped up to heart

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29
Q

respiratory pump

A

as mucked contract and relax, change in blood pressure
chnage in pressure causes nearby veins to be compressed causi bc more blood back to heart

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30
Q

pocket valves

A

assure blood flows in one direction
open and closes to prevent blood back flow

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31
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are relaxing

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32
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure in blood vessels when ventricles are contracting

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33
Q

transportation of oxygen

A

cappileries-oxygen diffuses into capillaries, 3% diffuses into plasma 97% combines with oxygen forming oxygenhamolgobin

tissues-oxygen is then released from haemologbin called oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

muscles-oxygen is stored by myglobin
higher affinity for oxygen and will store it for mitochondria to then use for the muscles

34
Q

why does our stroke volume reduce in cardiovascular drift

A

dehydration

35
Q

sympathetic control of breathing

A

increase in breathing rate

medulla obllagata-RCC (respiratory control centre)

36
Q

vasocualr shunt mechanism

A

redistribution of blood to areas where oxygen is most needed

37
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of the blood vessels to increase blood flow to capillaries

38
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to cappileries

39
Q

pre-capillary splinters

A

aid blood redistribution
capillary have them relaxed to increases blood flow

40
Q

alveoli

A

responsible for exchange of gases between lungs and vlood

41
Q

diffusion

A

movement of gas molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

42
Q

how is structure used to help gaseasous exchange

A

walls thin so short disunion pathway

huge surface area to increase uptake of oxygen

43
Q

gaseous exchange

A

movement of oxygen from air into blood
carbon dioxide from blood into air

44
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air breathed in and out per breath

increases during exercise

45
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air forcibly inspired after normal breath

decreases during exercise

46
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air forcibly expired after normal breath

decreases during exercise

47
Q

minute ventiallation

A

volume of air breathed in and out per minute

increases during exercise

48
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air left in lungs after max expiration

stays same during exercise

49
Q

what measures volume of air

A

spirometer

50
Q

gaseous exchange

A

getting oxygen from air into lungs so can diffuse in blood and transport to cells of the body

getting rid of carbon dioxide from blood

51
Q

gaseous exchange at the alveoli

A

partial pressure of oxygen in alveloi is higher then partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary

52
Q

what is the difference in partial pressure referred to as

A

concentration/diffusion gradient

53
Q

what happens to oxygen in alveoli during gaseous exchange

A

oxygen will diffuse into blood from alveloi until pressure is equal in both

54
Q

what happens to co2 during gaseous exchange

A

partial pressure of c02 is higher in the cappileries then the alveloi

the oxygen will diffuse into the alveoli from the blood until pressure is equal

55
Q

gaseous exchange at muscles

A
56
Q

smoking

A

negative impact on respiratory system
causes irritation of trachea and bronchi
reduced lung function
increases breathlessness
causes swelling and narrowing of lung airways
damaged cells lining the trachea
causes damage to cilia (tiny hairs which help remove mucus out of lungs)

57
Q

types of muscle fibres

A

type 1 (slow oxidative)
type 2a (fast oxidative glycotic)
type 2x (fast glycotic)

58
Q

slow oxidative fibres (type 1)

A

slow contraction speed

better adapted for lower intensity exercises

produce energy aerobically

59
Q

fast twitch fibres

fast oxidative glycotic (type 2a)
fast glycotic (type 2x)

A

quick contraction speed

used for high intensities

produce energy ananerobically e.g sprint

60
Q

type 2a

A

resistance to fatigue

longer burst of energy needed

e.g 1500m run

61
Q

type 2x

A

fibres fatigue much quicker

highly explosive i’ve events e.g sprint

short bursts of energy needed

62
Q

characteristics of type 1 fibre

A

motor neurone size small

high myglobin content

high capillary density

high mitochondria density

63
Q

charceteistixs of type 2a

A

large motor neurone size
medium mitochondria content

medium myglobin content

medium cappileries density

64
Q

type 2x

A

large motor neurone size

low myglobin content
low mitochondrial density
low capillary density

65
Q

hypertrophy

A

where muscle becomes bigger and stronger

66
Q

muscle fibres

A

grouped into motor units

67
Q

motor unit

A

consists of muscle fibres and motor neurone

68
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where motor neurone and muscle fibre meet

69
Q

motor units, motor nuerons and muscle fibres

A

motor unit consists of muscle fibres and motor neurons

when muscle fibres and motor units meet=neuromuscular junction

fine movements=motor units with only few fibres

gross movement=feed of 100s of fibres

70
Q

slow twitch motor units

A

recruited for lower intensity exercises e.g jogging

fast twitch fibres recruited for higher intensity exercises e.g sprint

71
Q

how to increase strength of contraction

A

wave summation

spatial summation

72
Q

wave summation

A

repeated activation of a motor neurone stimulating a given muscle fibre resulting in greater force of contraction

each time nerve impulse reaches muscle cell, calcium is released

repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax, calcium built up creating smooth contraction-tetanic contraction

73
Q

spatial summation

A

impulses received at same time at different places on the neurone
add up fire to neurone

recruitment of additional bigger motor units within muscle to develop more force

74
Q

omggg (proprioreceptors neuromuscular facilitation

A

type of advanced stretching

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

75
Q

what are the two proprioreceptors for PNF

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

76
Q

muscle spindles

A

stretch receptors

detect how far and fast a muscle is being stretched
send signal for muscle to contract, stretch reflex preventing overstretching

77
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect tension in muscle

when muscle contracts isometricallg in pnf, sense increase in tension and send signals for muscle to relax

known as autogenic inhibition

78
Q

steps of PNF

A
  1. performer performs passive stretch with help of partner
    stretch detected by muscle spindles. if muscle stretched too far, stretch reflex occurs
  2. individual isometricallg contracts muscle for at least 10 secs
    pushing leg against partner
    golgi tendon organs then activated
    send signals with override signals of muscle spindles, delaying the stretch reflex
  3. meg stretches up, golgi tendon organs responsible for muscle relaxing which means leg stretches further
79
Q

hiit

A

work is anaerobic
recovery is aerobic

80
Q

plyometrics

A

involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power

81
Q

plyometrics

A

involve high intensive explosive movements e.h hopping and jumping

used fast twitch fibres

82
Q

SAQ

A

speed agility and quickness
aims to improve multi directional movements
drills include zig zags
beneficial for goal keeper as have to go from side to side

mock revision pe (41 decks)

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