Lymphatics: deep lymph nodes, Waldeyer’s Ring, clinical

Question 1

where do the deep (cervical) lymph nodes receive lymph from?

Answer 1

all of the lymph from the head and neck

Question 2

how do the deep (cervical) lymph nodes receive all the lymph from H+N?

Answer 2

either directly or indirectly via the superficial lymph nodes

Question 3

how are deep lymph nodes organised?

Answer 3

into a vertical chain

Question 4

where are deep lymph nodes located?

Answer 4

within close proximity to the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath

Question 5

what do the efferent vessel from the deep cervical lymph nodes converge to form?

Answer 5

the jugular lymphatic trunks

Question 6

how can the nodes be divided?

Answer 6

into superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 7

what do deep cervical lymph nodes comprise of?

Answer 7

prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, retropharyngeal, infrahyoid, jugulodigastric (tonsilar), jugulo-omohyoid and supraclavicular nodes

Question 8

what are Virchow’s nodes?

Answer 8

supraclavicular nodes

Question 9

where are Virchow’s nodes located?

Answer 9

left supraclavicular fossa (immediately superior to the clavicle)

Question 10

where do Virchow’s nodes receive lymphatic drainage from?

Answer 10

abdominal cavity

Question 11

what is the finding of an enlarged lymph node known as?

Answer 11

Troisier’s sign

Question 12

what does Troisier’s sign indicate?

Answer 12

presence of cancer in the abdomen - specifically gastric cancer that has spread through the lymph vessels

Question 13

what does Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring refer to?

Answer 13

the collection of lymphatic tissue surrounding the superior pharynx

Question 14

what do the lymphatic tissue of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring respond to?

Answer 14

responds to pathogens that may be ingested or inhaled

Question 15

what are the tonsils that make up the Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?

Answer 15

Lingual tonsil
Palatine tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil

Question 16

where are Lingual tonsils located?

Answer 16

on the posterior base of the tongue

Question 17

where are palatine tonsils located?

Answer 17

located on each side between the palatoglossal and glossopharyngeal arches

Question 18

which part of the ring do palatine tonsils form?

Answer 18

lateral

Question 19

how can palatine tonsils be seen?

Answer 19

These are the common ‘tonsils’ that can be seen within the oral cavity

Question 20

where are tubal tonsils located?

Answer 20

these are located where each Eustachian tube opens into the nasopharynx

Question 21

which part of the ring do tubal tonsils form?

Answer 21

lateral

Question 22

which part of the ring do lingual tonsils form?

Answer 22

antero-inferior

Question 23

what are Pharyngeal tonsils also known as?

Answer 23

nasopharyngeal / adenoid tonsil

Question 24

where are pharyngeal tonsils located?

Answer 24

located in the roof of the nasopharynx, behind the uvulva

Question 25

which part of the ring do pharyngeal tonsils form?

Answer 25

postero-superior part

Question 26

clinical: which tonsils can be inflammed? cause?

Answer 26

The palatine tonsils can become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection

Question 27

how do palatine tonsils appear when inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection?

Answer 27

they appear red and enlarged

Question 28

what are palatine tonsils accompanied by when inflamed?

Answer 28

accompanied by enlarged jugulo-digastric lymph nodes

Question 29

how can chronic infection of the palatine tonsils be treated? called?

Answer 29

with their removal, a tonsillectomy

Question 30

When performing a tonsillectomy, where might there be bleeding from?

Answer 30

there may be bleeding primarily from the external palatine vein and secondarily from the tonsilar branch of the facial artery

Question 31

If an infection spreads to the peritonsillar tissue, what can it cause?

Answer 31

cause abscess formation

Question 32

what can abscess formation in peritonsillar tissue from infection to palatine tonsils cause?

Answer 32

can cause deviation of the uvula

Question 33

what is deviation of uvula known as?

Answer 33

quinsy

Question 34

what is quinsy?

Answer 34

a medical emergency

Question 35

why is quinsy a medical emergency?

Answer 35

it can potentially cause obstruction of the pharynx

Question 36

how is quinsy treated?

Answer 36

draining of the abscess and antibiotics