8. Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (lecture)

Question 1

what are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity?

Answer 1

1. sense of SMELL (olfaction)
2. provides ROUTE for inspired air
3. FILTERs inspired air
4. moistens and warms inspired air
5. RESONATing chamber for speech

Question 2

how does the nose filter inspired air?

Answer 2

removing particles by trapping in nasal hair or mucous

Question 3

what is behind the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

nasopharynx

Question 4

what is an anatomical connection with the middle ear?

Answer 4

eustachian tube

Question 5

what is the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

roof of palate (hard palate in front, soft palate behind)

Question 6

what is the external nose made of?

Answer 6

cartilage

Question 7

what forms the hard palate?

Answer 7

maxilla bone

Question 8

what is the vestibule?

Answer 8

entrance to nasal cavity (hole of nose)

Question 9

what is the vestibule lined with?

Answer 9

skin, has some sebaceous glands

hair cells

Question 10

what is the external nose made up of?

Answer 10

cartilage and bone

Question 11

what is the function of the cartilaginous element of the external nose?

Answer 11

gives rise to shape of nsoe

Question 12

where is the base of the nose?

Answer 12

root

where the glasses rest - the bony part

Question 13

where does the bony part of the nose end?

Answer 13

at the bridge

Question 14

where do you apply pressure during nose bleeds?

Answer 14

to the part between bony and cartilaginous nose

just in front of bony part of nose

Question 15

what is the tip of the nose also known as?

Answer 15

apex

Question 16

what are the nostrils of the nose also known as?

Answer 16

nares

Question 17

which bone forms the bony part of the nose?

Answer 17

nasal bone

and frontal process of maxilla

Question 18

which part of the nose is most commonly fractured?

Answer 18

nasal bone
often lots of swelling
can’t reset bone until swelling has gone down (5-7 days later)

Question 19

what is the significant of prominence of nasal bones?

Answer 19

susceptible to fracture in facial injuries

Question 20

what should you check for during facial injuries?

Answer 20

other damage within the facial structure

other structures aside from nose can also be damaged as patient must have sustained considerable force to face

Question 21

lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

maxilla bone

Question 22

medial wall of nasal cavity?

Answer 22

nasal septum

Question 23

floor of nasal cavity?

Answer 23

roof of oral cavity:

hard and soft palate

Question 24

what makes up the hard palate?

Answer 24

floor of nasal cavity / roof of oral cavity:

maxilla + 2 x palatine bones

Question 25

roof of nasal cavity?

Answer 25

nasal cartilages and several bones:

nasal and frontal bones, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, the body of the sphenoid

Question 26

where is the nasal cavity situated?

Answer 26

behind nostrils

Question 27

what forms the nasal septum?

Answer 27

bones:

• perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
• vomer bone
  cartilage: septal cartilage

Question 28

where does cartilaginous part of septum take blood supply from?

Answer 28

overlying perichondrium

Question 29

what can trauma to nose lead to?

Answer 29

buckling of septum (crumble under force) and shearing of blood vessels

Question 30

what happens in septal haematoma?

Answer 30

blood accumulates between perichondrium and cartilage

Question 31

what should you always examine for in patients presenting with nasal injury?

Answer 31

septal haematoma

Question 32

how should you treat septal haematoma?

Answer 32

stick a syringe in, aspirate the blood out of the space, package it to ensure that nasal cartilage gets blood supply back and blood doesn’t re-accumulate

Question 33

what can untreated septal haematoma lead to?

Answer 33

avascular necrosis of CARTILAGINOUS septum

Question 34

how does avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum present?

Answer 34

saddling of nasal dorsum

saddle-nose deformity

Question 35

what else can arise from septal haematoma aside from avascular necrosis of cartilage?

Answer 35

can develop infection in the collecting haematoma
(septal abscess formation further increases likelihood of avascular necrosis of septum)
haematoma = breeding ground for infection –> septal abscess

Question 36

what forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 36

bony conchae (projections) of the maxilla bone
superior, middle and inferior

Question 37

what is the purpose of S,M,I conchae?

Answer 37

slows airflow
increases surface area over which air passes
(to warm and humidify inspired air)

Question 38

what lies inferior to the conchae?

Answer 38

meatuses (spheno-ethmoidal recess)

some sinuses drain into middle meatus

Question 39

what drains into inferior meatus?

Answer 39

ONLY nasolacrimal duct