Lecture3. Vertebral Flashcards
How many curvatures are there in the vertebral column? Name those curvatures
There are 5 curves in the vertebral column
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- cocyx
How many vertebrae are present in each curvature? In total how many bony pieces are there?
There are 26 bony pieces.
- cervical: 7 bony pieces
- thoracic: 12 vertebrae
- lumbar: 5 vertebrae
- sacral: 1 fused vertebrae ( 5 fused vertebrae )
- coccyx: 1 fused vertebrae ( from 4 fused vertebrae)
Why do we have curvatures?
helps us to tolerate our vertical forces more efficiently
Which 3 curvatures have/allow movement?
the first 3: cervical, thoracic and lumbar
What are the 2 ways we categorize vertebrae?
- static vs dynamic
- primary vs secondary
What are the static and dynamic vertebrae
static: sacral, cocyx
dynamic: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
What are the primary and secondary vertebrae
primary: thoracic, sacral and cocyx
secondary: cervical ( move head) , lumbar (when you walk)
What are the basic components of the vertebrae?/ What are the common features of all vertebrae?
Always contains : body (centrum) and the vertebrae arch and there exists a vertebrae foramen ( stacks of it forms a vertebral canal).
What does the body of the vertebrae consist of
spongy bone
where is the spinal cord located?
vertebrae foramen
Name the components of the vertebral arch
pedicle is part of the vertebral arch.
Other components: lamina, transverse process, spinous process
What is scliosis
When you have lateral curvatures in your vertebrae
- if you are right handed then you will have it in the left
What process forms with the fusion of 2 laminae?
spinous process
What is the articular facet?
It is the articular surface of the articular process
What are the unique features of the cervical vertebrae?
- has a biforcated spinous process
- has a foramen at the transverse process
What is the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae?
atlas
What are the unique features of the atlas
- it has no body
- there are 2 arches ( anterior and posterior)
What does the superior articular facet of the lateral masses of the atlas connects with
occipital condyle
What is the name of the 2nd cervical vertebrae
axis
What is the function of dens ( part of C2/axis)
allows the rotation of the head. the dens articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas
What is the distinctive feature of the thoracic vertebrae?
Has a thick pointed (inferior direction) of the spinous process
What is the distinctive feature of the lumbar vertebrae?
largest vertebrae you can find, has short but very thick spinous process
How does the size of the body change as we look at the vertebrae from the cervical to the lumbar portion
the body increases in size, we need more support
What are the features of the sacrum.
- sarcal ala
- apex
- body of the sacarl vertebrae
- Sacral promontory
- Transverse ridges
- Sacral crest
Why is the sacral border of the sacral vertebrae called (at the atrium side
sacral promontory
Why is the sacral promontory important
it enters the pelvic cavity
what emerges from the formae of the sacrum
spinal nerves
What are sacral ridges remnants off
They are the fusion of the processes ( spinous process)
What causes the formation of the sacral crest
Fusion of the transverse process
Where is the sacral hiatus located
along the medial sacral crest
Where does the spinal cord end
ends along Lumbar 1 or Lumbar 2
Describe the sacral hiatus
It is covered by a fibrocartilage and it is where epidural is applied
What is the auricular surface
It is an articular surface called the auricular surface. It joins with the hip bone
What comprises of the sternum
- manubrium (handle)
- body
- xiphoid process
- they are joined and articulated with each other
What is the name of the connections/joints between:
- manubrium and body
- body and xiphoid porcess
- sternal angle
2. xiphisternal joint
(EXAM) What is the importance of the sternal angle
a horizontal plane passing through the sternal angle passes through T4 an T5.
Describe the atlas
It is C1
It has a transverse foreman
Has no ventral body, instead has lateral masses
superior articular facet articulates with the occipital condyle
inferior articular facet articulates with dens of axis.
Describe the axis
It is C2
has no transverse foreman
has dens (odontoid process)
acts as a pivot for rotational movement of the head
2 articular processes lateral to the odontoid process that articulates with the lateral masses of the transverse processes
Describe C7
has the longest bifurcated spinous process palpable through the skin
Describe the manubrium
The manubrium is the top component of the sternum. It has a jugular notch at the top and a clavicular notch along the sides
Indicate where the jugular and clavicular notch is by the manubrium
The jugular notch is the top notch of the manubrium
the clavicular notch is the side notch of the manubrium.
What are the different classification of ribs? How many pairs for each classification. How many pairs of ribs total?
- true ribs -7 pairs
- false ribs - 5 ribs (3 of them have cartilage that are indirectly attached to the sternum -costal cartilage)
2a. floating ribs- 2 ribs ( part of the false ribs)
there are 12 rib pairs in total
What is the definition of true ribs
They are ribs that are attached to the sternum.
What is costal cartilage
cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum
1-7:
8-10: cartilage is directly attached
11-12:
Which ribs are considered typical ribs ? What are the features of a typical rib
ribs 3-9. Has a head and neck, and a costal angle where the rib changes direction sharply, it also has a costal groove
Which ribs are atypical ribs?
ribs 1-2, 10 -12
Where is the costal groove
It is at the inferior portion of the medial surface of the rib
What is present at the costal groove?
contains arteries, veins and costal nerves
Which vertebrae do ribs articulate with, and where on the vertebrae does it articulate with
thoracic vertebrae. the head of the rib articulates with the head of TWO adjacent thoracic vertebrae. posterior to the neck of the rib is the costal tubercle, which has an articular surface that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
