Lecture 6. Joints Flashcards
What are the 2 ways that joints can be classified?
- functional (think of mobility)
2. anatomical
What are the categories according to the functional classification
- synarthrosis: very little movement
- amphiarthrosis: semi-movable
- diarthrosis : most mobile ( eg. shoulder joints)
What is an example of a synarthrosis joint
joints of the bones of the skull ( except mandible)
What are the classifications under anatomical categorization of joints
- solid joints ( bones are joined together either by fibrous tissue or cartilage) * depends on what type of tissue holding the bones together
- fibrous joint (by dense connective tissue)
- cartilaginous joint - synovial joint (bones have a gap between each other)
- monoaxial- bones move in only 1 plane
- biaxial- bones move in only 2 plane (eg. wrist, knee )
- multi-axial- bones move in only 3 plane
- non-axial- gliding movement
What is unique about solid joints?
There are no spaces between the bones( the CT/cartilage ). bones touch each other
Describe synovial joints
There is a gap between the bones, presence of a cavity. bones may touch but are not attached
What are the sub-categories of solid joints.
- fibrous joint
2. cartilaginous joint
Give 3 examples of fibrous tissues
- suture: joints formed between bones of the skull with the sutures ( coronoid and lambdiod sutures): dense CT tissue hold bones together
- syndesmosis: dense CT forms ligament to hold joints together ( eh. fibula and tibia)
- gomphosis: name of the joint between the upper and lower jaw bones (periodontal cavity)
How are cartilaginous joints that are present? Give examples
- synchrondroses: bones are attached by hyaline cartilage only
- symphyses: bones attached only by fibrous cartilage
Which cartilage can be used in cartilaginous joints?
hyaline and fibrous cartilage only, elastic cartilage cannot be used
Give 2 examples of synchondroses joints
- epiphyseal plate
2. joint between the first rib and the sternum
Give 2 examples of symphyses joints
- between the vertebrae body
2. pubic symphyses ( joint between the pubic bone)
Where are symphses joints typically found
midline of the body only
Describe the features of the synovial joints
- have articular cartilage ( which is made up of hyaline cartilage)
- capsule made up of dense irregular connective tissue that holds the bone together : fibrous capsule. fibrous capsule is continuous with the periosteom
- (*optional) ligament: dense connective tissue that stabilize the joints
- synovial membrane: specialized CT. It is a serous membrane. It produces synovial fluid to articulate the surfaces and nourishes the hyaline cartilage
What is the function of the articular cartilage
reduce friction between the bones
What part of the synovial joint is continuous with the periosteum
fibrous capsule
What is the function of the synovial membrane
- produces synovial fluid
- nourishes the hyaline cartilage
What composes the articular capsule
- fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane
(synovial joint) what are examples of mono-axial joints
- hinge joint : elbow joint
2. pivot joint : proximal radio-ulnar joint
(synovial joint) what are examples of bi-axial joints
- condyloid joint: metacarpophalangeal joint
- bicondylar
- saddle: carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb ( base of the 1st metacarpal bone and the trapezium)
(synovial joint) what are examples of multi-axial joints
- ball and socket: shoulder joint
(synovial joint) what are examples of non-axial joints
- plane/gliding/planar ( intercarpal joints)
What part of the joint is targeted by osteoarthritis
hyaline cartilage.
How are tendons isolated at the area of the joints
the tendon can enter the joint but the joint cannot accept the tendon - so the synovial membrane wraps around the tendon so that the tendon is not entering the synovial cavity
- synovial membrane helps to lubricate as well
What causes the bicep strain after exercising
inflammation of the synovial sheath
What is the bursa
- bag of synovial membrane sitting outside the joint
- prevents friction between tendons and bony structures around them ( protects from friction)
- same tissue as synovial membrane
- inflammation of synovial membrane = over-production of synovial fluid
How many joints are formed between 2 adjacent vertebrae
three joints
- a pair formed between articular processes
- formed between vertebral bodies
What joints are formed between the articular processes of vertebrae
synovial non-axial planar joint
What joints form between the vertebrae bodies
symphyses joints that are bound by fibrous cartilage
What is the intervertebral disc/ what composes it
fibrous cartilage, is composed of:
- vertebrae end plate
- anulus fibrosis: belts of collagen fibers surrounds nucleus pulposes
- nucleus pulposes: sits in the center of the disc
What is the function of nucleus pulposes
- acts as a shock absorber between vertebrae bodies
- deals with compressive forces
- made up of hyaluronic acid
What is the function of anulus fibrosis
- hold nucleus pulposes together
- cannot tolerate compressive forces alone
What is the ligament present anteriorly covering the length of the vertebrae
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What is the ligament present posteriorly covering the length of the vertebrae
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the ligamentum flavum connecting
lamina of the vertebrae
What is the ligament connecting the spinous process
interspinous ligament
What does the supraspinous ligament connect together
tip of the spinous process
What is the joint that forms between the condylar process of the and the temporal bone
Condyloid joint (bi-axial joint) - articular disc made of fibrocartilage that absorbs mechanical pressure
Name all the radio-ulnar joints
There are 3 radio-ulnar joints
- proximal radioulnar joint
- middle radioulnar joint:
- distal radioulnar joint:
Describe the superior-radio-ulnar joint
pivot synovial joint between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna. the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulnar are held togetehr by the annular ligament
Describe the middle radio-ulnar joint
It is a symphesis joint ( part of solid joint): where the interseousses membrane connects the interosseous border
Describe the inferior radio-ulnar joint
It is a pivot synovial joint. the joint shares the capsule with the wrist - the joint cavity is separated from the wrist by an articular disc
What kind of joints do the following have:
a. manubriosternal joint
b. xiphisternal joint
c. 1st true rib bone with sternum
d. all other rib bone with sternum (sternocostal)
e. temporomandibular joint
a. symphysis
b. symphysis
c. synchondosis
d. planar monoaxial synovial
e. condylar
What movements are done by a pivot joint
medial lateral rotation
What movements are done by a hinge joint
extension and flexion
What is the difference between the joints found in the hands and pedicle?
- both intertarsals and intercarpal joints are planar joints
- the metacarpal-carpal joint is a saddle joint while the metatarsal-tarsal joint is a planar joint
- the metacarpal-phalangal and metatarsal-phalangal joints are condylar
- interphalangal joints are always condylar
