Lecture 25. Respiratory System 2

Question 1

What is the cartilage of the larynx that is made from elastic cartilage only

Answer 1

epiglottis

Question 2

Where does the cricoid cartilage sit

Answer 2

present at C6 vertebral

Question 3

What are the 3 divisions of the larynx

Answer 3

vestibular , ventricle and infraglottic region

Question 4

Describe the arytenoid cartilage

Answer 4

important for voice production, it is the attachment site for the vocal ligament and intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Question 5

Describe the vocal cord

Answer 5

• there is a true and false vocal cord
• the true vocal cord is formed from the vocal ligaments while the false vocal cord is formed from the vestibular ligament
• true vocal cords vibrate during phonation
• false vocal cords do not vibrate during phonation

Question 6

Where does the trachea start and end

Answer 6

It starts at c6 and ends at T4-T5. it passes through the superior mediastinum only

Question 7

Whta is the glottis

Answer 7

the space between the vestibular folds

Question 8

What is posterior and anterior to the trachea

Answer 8

posterior: eosphagus
anterior: manubrium of the sternum thymus and thyroid

Question 9

How many generations of the bronchi are there

Answer 9

25

Question 10

Describe the 1st,2nd and 3rd generations of the bronchi

Answer 10

1st generation: the primary bronchi separates to the right and left root of the lung
2nd generation: supplies the lobar, ventilates specific lobes
3rd generation: ventilates individual segments of the lobar

Question 11

Compare the right and left bronchi

Answer 11

The right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertically positioned

Question 12

How many borders and surfaces does the lung have

Answer 12

The lung has 3 surfaces and 3 borders

Question 13

What are the 3 borders of the lung

Answer 13

Anterior border: sharp border. The anterior border of the left lung carries the cardiac notch, the portion beneath the cardiac notch is the lingula
Posterior border: round and related to the vertebral column
Inferior border: sharp and separates the medial and lateral surface.

Question 14

Where does the inferior border cross the anterior lateral and posterior aspects of the thorax respectively

Answer 14

It crosses it on the 6th, 8th and 10th rib

Question 15

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung

Answer 15

inferior (diaphragmatic surface) of the lung is concave and sits on the diaphragm
lateral (costal surface) is convex and related to the robs and sternum
medial (mediastinal) surface is concave and related to the middle and posterior mediastinal structures. the surface carries the hilum

Question 16

What is the emrbyonic equivalent of the middle lobe of the left lung

Answer 16

the lingula

Question 17

Describe how the right lung is divided?

Answer 17

divided into the superior, middel and inferior lobe. this is further divided by the oblique and the horizontal fissure.
- obliques fissures separate the superior and inferior lobe.the horizontal fissure separates the superior and middle lobe

Question 18

What are bronchioles

Answer 18

the smallest airways that do not carry any cartilage in their walls

Question 19

Describe the pleura

Answer 19

• lungs are surrounded by pleura ( layers)
• pleura is composed of 2 serous layers: inner visceral and outer parietal
• the space between the visceral and parietal pleura is the pleural cavity : needed to lubricate the surface

Question 20

Describe the visceral pleura

Answer 20

attached to the surface of the lungs and extends to the fissure of the lungs
-reflects at the hilum and continues as the parietal pleura

Question 21

Describe the parietal pleura

Answer 21

starts along the hilum and lines the inner surface of the thoraxic wall
extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum
consists of the costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts

Question 22

What is the costadiaphragmatic recess

Answer 22

potential pleural space that surrounds the convexity of the diaphragm

• lowest point of the pleural cavity
• crosses the ribs at 8,10 and 12 from the anterior lateral and posterior

Question 23

What innervates the visceral and parietal pleura

Answer 23

visceral: autonomic
parietal: sympathetic