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CAPS 391 > Lecture 8. CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 8. CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the 3 segments of the brain (What are the embrologic names)?

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the forebrain?

A
  1. telecephalon ( cerebrum)

2. diencephalon (thalamus)

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4
Q

Describe the diencephalon

A

structures which surround the 3rd cerebral ventricle and is a narrow gap sitting at the midline

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5
Q

What are the subdivisions of the midbrain

A

It has no subdivision

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the hindbrain

A
  1. metencephalon ( pons +cerebellum)

2. mylencephalon ( medulla oblongata)

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7
Q

What constitutes the Peripheral nervous system?

A
  • cranial nerves (12 pairs)

- spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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8
Q

What constitutes the brain stem?

A

medulla oblongata + pons+ midbrain

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9
Q

What surrounds the diencephalon

A
  1. right and left hemisphere
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the foldings on the cerebral hemisphere?

A

To increase the surface area.

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11
Q

How many grades of the foldings are there?

A

3 grades
grade 1: present in everyone
grade 2: present in 70%-75% of people
grade 3: present in 10-15% of people

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12
Q

What is the functional classification of the nervous system

A
  1. somatic nervous system

2. autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

collects sensory information from the external environment and initiates motor info to skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What is the autonomic /visceral nervous system

A

it collects sensory info from the internal environment targets motor info to smooth muscles and glands

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15
Q

Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical enlargement

2. lumbar enlargement

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16
Q

Why are there enlargements

A
  • there are more nerve cell bodies due to the formation of motor neurons
  • will give rise to nerves that will supply the upper limbs for cervical and lumbar for lower limbs
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17
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called

A

conus medullaris

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18
Q

What is the position on the vertebrae level ( NOT vertebrae segments) where the conus medullaris is (end of spinal cord).

A

In between L1 and L2 of the vertebrae

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19
Q

What is the arrangement of white matter and gray matter in the spinal cord

A

white matter surrounds the gray matter ( which is a core)

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20
Q

what are the grooves present at the anterior(=ventral) and posterior(=dorsal) end of the spinal cord

A
  1. ventral median fissure (= anterior median fissure)

2. dorsal median sulcus ( =posterior median sulcus)

21
Q

What is the difference between fissure and sulcus

A

fissure is typically deeper and wider

22
Q

There are nerve fibers extending from the anterior median fissure - what structure arises as a result

A

ventral root/anterior root

23
Q

There are nerve fibers extending from the posterior median fissure - what structure arises as a result

A

dorsal root/ posterior root - which associates with the ganglion

24
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies sitting outside the CNS

25
Q

What are the 3 regions of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A
  1. anterior horn
  2. posterior horn
  3. lateral horn
26
Q

Which horns are present throughout the length of the spinal cord

A

anterior and posterior horn are present throughout the length of the spinal cord

27
Q

What does the anterior horn of the spinal cord contain

A

carries cell bodies of motor neuron

28
Q

What does the posterior horn of the spinal cord contain

A

sensory neurons are contained along the posterior horn of the spinal cord

29
Q

Where can the lateral horn be found

A

found in T1 -L2 AND S2-S4

30
Q

What neurons are found in the lateral horn

A

T1-L2 houses sympathetic neurons

S2-S4 houses parasympathetic neurons

31
Q

What are the regions of white matter

A
  1. dorsal (=posterior) funiculus( = column )
  2. ventral funiculus
  3. lateral funiculus
32
Q

Describe the myleinated fibers at the white columns ( of the white matter)

A

fibers can be ascending or descending

ascending: carry sensory info
descending: carry motor impulses

33
Q

What are bundles

A

millions of nerve fibers

AKA specific tracks that carry either sensory or motor information

34
Q

What does the posterior column typically contain

A

carries sensory tracks

35
Q

What does the lateral column carry

A

they carry mix tracks - both sensory and motor

36
Q

What does the anterior column carry

A

they carry mix tracks - both sensory and motor

37
Q

What are spinal cord segments

A

they refer to a sectioned part of the spinal segments

38
Q

Which part of the brain gathers proprioceptor information

A

cerebellum

39
Q

What does the medial lemiscus track do

A

connects information regarding touch and unconscious proprioception

40
Q

Where does the 1st order neuron sit

A

dorsal root ganglia

41
Q

Where are the 2nd order neuron

A

for the medial lemniscus the 2nd order neuron site in the medulla oblongata

42
Q

What do we call when the nerve sections crosses the midline

A

Decussation

43
Q

What is the medial lemiscus

A

are the axons of the 2nd order neuron that crosses the midline (only AFTER it crosses midline)

44
Q

What is the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

A

are the locations of the axons of the 2nd order neuron

45
Q

Where does the medial lemiscus go to meet the 3rd order neuron

A

It passes through the pons and cerebellum to enter the midbrain and meets the 3rd order neuron at the thalamus. The 3rd order neuron sends information to the cortex

46
Q

What is the disease that attacks the dorsal column of the spinal cord - what happens?

A

patient loses sense of touch and position. Syphilis. tabes dorsalis

47
Q

What does the cortex of the brain refer to?

A

gray matter of the brain

48
Q

Where is the start and end of the spinal cord

A

starts at the magnum foraman and ends at the L1-L2 vertebrae level

CAPS 391 (33 decks)

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