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CAPS 391 > Lecture 9. Brain + CNS > Flashcards

Lecture 9. Brain + CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the location of the 3rd order neuron in the medial lemniscus pathway

A

at the thalamus

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2
Q

Where will conscious tracts end

A

at the cortex

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3
Q

Where will the unconscious tracts end

A

at the cerebellar cortex

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4
Q

what is the difference between the unconscious and conscious pathways of proprioception

A
  1. unconscious: the 2nd order neuron is at the dorsal horn
    conscious: the 2nd order neuron is that the medulla oblongata
  2. unconscious: ipsilateral: ends at the same side of the cerebellar side
    conscious: contralateral: ends at the other side
  3. unconscious: has 2 neurons
    conscious: has 3 neurons
    * * similarity: Both are ascending pathways
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5
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Situated or affecting the same part of the body (not crossing the midline)

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6
Q

What is contralateral?

A

occurs or affects the opposite side of the body. (crossing the midline)

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the spinothalamic pathway

A

collects temperature and pain

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8
Q

Where is the 1st order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway

A

dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron start in the spinothalamic pathway

A

posterior (dorsal) horn

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10
Q

Where does decussation of the 2nd order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway occue

A

contralateral: from the dorsal horn to the anterior horn and entering the anterior column

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11
Q

What are the 3 main ascending pathways

A
  1. spinothalamic
  2. spinocerebellar
  3. dorsal column pathway
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12
Q

Where is the 3rd order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway located

A

at the thalamus

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13
Q

Is the spinothalamic pathway one that is conscious or unconscious?

A

conscious since it ends at the brain

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14
Q

What are the classification of descending pathways

A
  1. extrapyrimidal

2. pyrimidal

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15
Q

What is the function of pyrimidal or extrapyrimidal pathways

A
  • both control the skeletal muscles
    1. pyrimidal pathways: start from cortex ( it is conscious)
    2. extrapyrimidal pathway: starts at the lower cortex ( it is unconscious) - eg. muscles to maintain posture
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16
Q

What are the 2 neurons that are present in the descending athways

A

upper and lower neurons

17
Q

Where is the 2nd neuron of the descending pathway located

A

ALWAYS sits in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

18
Q

Where does the upper neuron descend past

A

passes through midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

19
Q

Where do all the upper neurons converge towards (ALWAYS)

A

pyramids of the medulla

20
Q

what is the lateral corticospinal pathway

A

cortical spinal that crosses the midline and travels through the lateral column of the spinal cord

21
Q

What is the anterior/ventral corticospinal pathway

A

upper neurons continue to travel through anterior column and because they did not decussate at the brain stem region (to descend at the anterior column )

22
Q

What is the difference in the muscles controlled by the anterior or lateral corticospinal

A

anterior corticospinal controls your core muscles

lateral corticospinal controls muscles of your limbs

23
Q

How many cranial nerves are there? How many arise from the brain stem?

A

12 cranial nerves, 10 arise from the brain stem.

24
Q

Which 2 cranial nerves do not arise from the brain stem

A

CN 1 and CN2

25
Q

What is the border which CN 6,7,8 arise from

A

pontomedullary sulcus

26
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus

A

regulates visual reflexes

27
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

regulates auditory reflexes

28
Q

What is the function of the olive

A

helps to maintain your balance.

29
Q

Where is the location of the hypoglossal nerve

A

between the olive and nerve. It is CN12

30
Q

What are nuclei

A

nerve cell bodies in the white matter

31
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus

A

one of the center for the extrapyrimidal pathways

32
Q

What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct

A

It connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

33
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation

A

mixture of nerve cell bodies and nerve tracts.

Function: helps keep you alert and awake

34
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra

A

It is almost black. fails during parkinson giving rise to resting tumors

35
Q

What is seen at the cerebral peduncle

A

At the location of the pyramids, there are ONLY the tracts of the pyrimidal pathways

36
Q

How far does the reticular formation extend to

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

37
Q

Where is the pontine nuclei located

A

Pons

38
Q

What is the function of the pontine nuclei?

A

received orders from the cortex and passes it to the cerebellum- makes voluntary motions smooth

39
Q

What is the function of the inferior olivary nucleus

A

Helps maintain balance

CAPS 391 (33 decks)

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