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Anat > Lecture 9: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 9: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nervous System divided into?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A
  • Integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands
  • Seat of higher intelligence
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4
Q

What is included in the seat of higher functions?

A
  • Intelligence
  • Memory
  • Learning
  • Emotions
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5
Q

What is the function of the Peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Carry sensory information from receptors to CNS (afferent)

* Carry motor commands from the CNS to periphery (efferent)

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6
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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7
Q

What are Nuclei?

A

The bundles of cell bodies of neurons on the CNS

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8
Q

What are Tracts?

A

The axons of cell bodies in the CNS

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9
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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10
Q

What are the Axons in the PNS known as?

A

Nerves

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11
Q

What are the two types of nerves in the PNS?

A

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves

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12
Q

Which nerves originate from the Brainstem?

A

Cranial Nerves

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13
Q

What are the two division of the Peripheral Nervous system?

A

Somatic and Autonomic (visceral)

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Motor and Sensory

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15
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic (visceral) nervous system?

A

Motor and Sensory

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16
Q

What are the two divisions of the Motor Autonomic Nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

What is the meaning of Somatic?

A

It innervates the somatic body wall ie. Skin, bones, muscle

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18
Q

What is a Motor Neuron?

A

Any neuron that synapses with a skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system control?

A

Organs

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20
Q

What nerves are part of the PNS?

A
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Peripheral Ganglia
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21
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Nerve cells that conduct signals

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22
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A

Support cells for neurons

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23
Q

How many neurons are there in the brain?

A

100 Billion

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24
Q

How do neurons form connections to other cells?

A

Via Synapses

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25
Q

Describe the axon of a neuron?

A

An extension of the cytoplasm with filaments so it doesn’t bend

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26
Q

What are the protein signals that neurons have?

A

Synapses

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27
Q

What are the two signals that create synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical signals

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28
Q

What do Dendrites do?

A

They receive signals from other neurons

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29
Q

What does the size of the Axon depend on?

A

The function of the axon

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30
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell

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31
Q

How does a Neurotransmitter transmit an impulse?

A

Via neurotransmitters

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32
Q

How many axons do Sensory Neurons have?

A

2 Axons

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33
Q

Where are the Cell Bodies of all neurons found?

A

In the spinal cords

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34
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

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35
Q

What do Neuroglia do for cells?

A

They support cells for the neurons

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36
Q

What are the Neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite glial cells

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37
Q

What are the Neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
38
Q

Where are Satellite Cells found?

A

Around the cell body of sensory nerve

39
Q

What is function of Satellite Cells?

A

They have a supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2 and CO2)

40
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

They Myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor) to protect the electrical signal as it moves down the axon

41
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Myelinate CNS axons

* Provide structural framework

42
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

Remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis

43
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A
  • Maintain blood-brain barrier
  • Provide structural support
  • Regulate ions, nutrients and dissolved gas concentration
  • Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
  • Form scar tissue after injury
44
Q

How many axons do Oligodendrocytes Myelinate?

A

As many as it can reach

45
Q

What is the function Ependymal cells?

A
  • Line ventricles of the brain

* Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

What causes Multiple Sclerosis?

A

The lack of Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons

47
Q

What is the function of the Meniges?

A

Cover and protect the CNS

48
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater
49
Q

Where does Cerebrospinal fluid sit in the CNS?

A

Between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater

50
Q

What are Sucli?

A

The groves in the brain

51
Q

What are Gyri?

A

The hills in the brain

52
Q

What is the function of Cerebrum?

A
  • Higher cognitive function
  • Language and speech
  • Somatic motor function
  • Somatic sensory function
  • Regulates the emotional aspects of behavior
53
Q

What is the Frontal lobe associated with?

A
  • Thinking, planning, personality

* Motor Planning

54
Q

Which cortex does the Frontal lobe contain?

A

The primary motor cortex

55
Q

Which cortex does the Parietal lobe contain?

A

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex lobe

56
Q

What occurs in the Parietal lobe?

A

Perception of self in space

57
Q

What is processed in the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

58
Q

What happens in the Temporal lobe?

A

Learning memory and hearing

59
Q

What does PreCG mean?

A

Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

60
Q

What does PosCG mean?

A

Postcentral Gyrus (primary sensory cortex)

61
Q

What is the Motor Homunculus?

A

The mapping of the parts of the brain dedicated to motor processing

62
Q

What is the Somatosensory Homunculus?

A

The mapping of the parts of the brain dedicated to sensory processing

63
Q

What kind of matter is in the different parts of the brain?

A
  • Outer (Cortex): Grey matter

* Inner (Medulla): White matter

64
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibre Tracts in the Brain?

A
  • Association fibres
  • Commissural fibres
  • Projection fibres
65
Q

What kind of connections do Association fibres form?

A

Intrahemispheric connections

66
Q

What kind of connections do Commissural fibres form?

A

Interhemispheric connections

67
Q

What kind of connections do Projection fibres form?

A

To and from the cortex connections

68
Q

What do Short Association fibres connect?

A

Short Association fibres

69
Q

What do Long Association fibres connect?

A

Cerebral lobes in the same hemisphere

70
Q

How does the Cerebellum act as a Comparator?

A

It compares intended movement with evolving movement and corrects for errors

71
Q

Which part of the brain ensures movements are smooth, coordinated and purposeful (skilled)?

A

The cerebellum

72
Q

Which part of the brain regulates posture and balance?

A

The Cerebellum

73
Q

What are the parts of the Brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
74
Q

What does the Midbrain Contain?

A

Motor and Sensory pathways that connect the cerebral cortex to the brain

75
Q

Which nuclei does the Brainstem house?

A

The Cranial nerve nuclei

76
Q

What is the Reticular activating system important for?

A

Arousal of cortex and consciousness

77
Q

Where are centers for regulating swallowing and gag reflex?

A

In the brainstem

78
Q

What is found in the Midbrain?

A
  • Substantia Nigra

* Relay centers for visual and auditory pathways

79
Q

What is the function of the substantia Nigra?

A

•Regulate motor activity

80
Q

What happens if the Substantia Nigra undergoes neuronal degradation?

A

Parkinson’s disease

81
Q

Which nerves are attached to the midbrain?

A

•Cranial nerves III and IV

82
Q

What is the Pons?

A

A bridge between the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum

83
Q

Which nerves are attached to the pons?

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

84
Q

What does the Medulla oblongata contain?

A

Vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres

85
Q

Which nerves originate in the medulla oblongata?

A

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII

86
Q

What are the Ventricles of the brain called?

A

Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth ventricle

87
Q

Which artery supplies the brain?

A

The internal carotid artery

88
Q

What does the Carotid cerebral artery split into?

A

The middle cerebral artery of and the Anterior cerebral artery

89
Q

What does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply?

A

The lateral parts of the brain (all lobes)

90
Q

What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A

The medial structures of the brain (mostly frontal and parietal lobes)

91
Q

What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply?

A

The underside of the temporal lobe and the medial parts of the occipital lobe

Anat (26 decks)

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