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Anat > Lecture 11: Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do Cranial Nerves emerge?

A

From the brainstem

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2
Q

Where do Spinal Nerves emerge?

A

From the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the two types of Peripheral Ganglia?

A
  • Somatic sensory cell bodies

* Autonomic ganglia

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4
Q

How many Cervical Vertebrae and Nerves are there?

A

7 Cervical Vertebrae and 8 Cervical Nerves

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5
Q

How many thoracic Vertebrae and Nerves are there?

A

12

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6
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae and nerves are there?

A

5

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7
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae and nerves are there?

A

5

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8
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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9
Q

What is a Ganglia?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

What do Somatic neurons innervate?

A
  • Skin
  • Muscle
  • Bone
  • Parietal membrane
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11
Q

What type of muscles does the Somatic Nervous system innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What Sensory aspects can the somatic nervous system detect?

A

Pain, Temperature, Touch, Proprioception

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13
Q

How does the Somatic Nervous system perceive pain?

A

It perceives pain directly arising from the site of an injury in a sharp, focussed and well-localized manner

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14
Q

What is the Parietal membrane innervated by?

A

The somatic nervous system

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15
Q

Which organs does the Autonomic Nervous System innervate?

A

•Visceral: Glands, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, visceral membrane

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16
Q

What are the two components of the Motor Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

How does the Autonomic Nervous system perceive pain?

A

Pain is vague and ill defined or ache like and indirect/referred

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18
Q

What do Visceral Afferent detect?

A

Pain

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19
Q

What are the two types of General Afferents?

A

Somatic Afferent and Visceral Afferents

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20
Q

What are the two types of General Efferents?

A

Somatic Efferents and Visceral Efferents

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21
Q

What do Somatic Afferents sense?

A

Pain, temperature, touch, proprioception from body wall

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22
Q

What do Visceral Afferents sense?

A

Pain, distension, chemical from visceral structures

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23
Q

What are Somatic Efferents?

A

Motor neurons in the ventral horn projections to skeletal muscles

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24
Q

What are Visceral Efferents?

A

Autonomic fibres innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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25
Q

What type of axon does the Dorsal Root contain?

A

Sensory Axons

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26
Q

What kind of axons does the Ventral root contain?

A

Motor Axons

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27
Q

What can it be called when the dorsal root and ventral root come together?

A

A spinal nerve

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28
Q

What are the two branches of a nerve known as after they came together to form a nerve?

A

The Ventral Primary Ramus and the Dorsal Primary Ramus

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29
Q

What does the Ventral Primary Ramus and the Dorsal Primary Ramus contain?

A

Both sensory and Motor axons

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30
Q

What axons does the Dorsal Primary Ramus have?

A

Somatic Motor axons and Somatic Afferents

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31
Q

Where does the Dorsal Primary Ramus inneravte?

A

The strip on the side of the vertebral column

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32
Q

What does the Ventral Primary Ramus innervate?

A

Everything but the strip on the sides of the vertebral column

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33
Q

Which part of the vertebrae do nerves exit?

A

The intervertebral foramen

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34
Q

What wraps around each individual axon?

A

Endoneurium

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35
Q

What wraps around bundles of axons?

A

Perineurium

36
Q

What wraps around bundles of bundles of axons?

A

Epineurium

37
Q

What is the layering of nerve wrapping from outside to inside?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

38
Q

What wraps around individual axons?

A

Endoneurium

39
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A bundle of axons

40
Q

What does the Perineurium wrap around?

A

Fascicles (bundles of axons)

41
Q

What does the Epineurium wrap around?

A

The entire nerve

42
Q

Where are blood vessels found in nerves?

A

In between the different fascicles

43
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

An area of skin in which a single spinal nerve innervates it

44
Q

What are the 3 Somatic Nerve Plexuses?

A
  • Brachial Plexus
  • Lumbar Plexus
  • Lumbosacral Plexus
45
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus innervate?

A

Upper extremities

46
Q

What does the Lumbar Plexus innervate?

A
  • Lower anterior abdominal wall
  • Medial and anterior thigh
  • Inguinal region
47
Q

What does the Lumbosacral Plexus innervate?

A
  • Gluteal region
  • Lower extremities
  • Perineal region and genitals
48
Q

Which spinal nerves is the Brachial Plexus made of?

A

C5 - T1

49
Q

What 5 main nerves does the Brachial plexus form?

A
  1. Axillary (shoulder)
  2. Musculocutaneous (biceps)
  3. Median (forearm flexors, thenar)
  4. Radial (posterior arm and forearm)
  5. ulnar (hand muscles)
50
Q

What does the Axillary Nerve of Brachial Plexus control?

A

Shoulder

51
Q

What does the Musculocutaneous nerve of the Brachial Plexus control?

A

The Biceps

52
Q

What does the Media nerve of the Brachial Plexus control?

A

The forearm flexors and thenar

53
Q

What does the Radial nerve of the Brachial Plexus control?

A

Posterior arm and forearm

54
Q

What does the Ulnar nerve of the Brachial Plexus control?

A

Hand muscles

55
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus originate from?

A

The Ventral Primary Rami

56
Q

Which nerves form the Lumbar Plexus?

A

L1-L4

57
Q

What nerve originates from the Lumbar Plexus?

A

Femoral (anterior compartment thigh)

58
Q

Which nerves form the Lumbosacral Plexus?

A

L4-S3

59
Q

Which nerves originate from the Lumbosacral Plexus?

A
  • Tibial (posterior thigh, toe muscles)

* Common Peroneal (lateral leg. ‘foot drop’)

60
Q

What does the Tibial nerve of the Lumbosacral Plexus control?

A

The Posterior Thigh and toe muscles

61
Q

What does the Common Peroneal nerve of the Lumbosacral Plexus control?

A

Lateral leg, ‘foot drop’ (dorsiflexion)

62
Q

What are the steps in a Reflex arc?

A

A stimulus arrives at a receptor and a neuron is activated and the impulse travels to the dorsal root and the sensation is relayed to the brain but it also travels to a motor neuron that causes a response

63
Q

Which pathway does a reflex arc take?

A

The spinothalamic tract

64
Q

Where do Sympathetic nerves originate?

A

In the Thorax and Lumbar region

65
Q

Where do Parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

In the Cranium and Sacrum

66
Q

Which nerves are sympathetic nerves?

A

T1-L2

67
Q

Which nerves are Parasympathetic nerves?

A
  • CN III, VII, IX, X

* S2, S3, S4

68
Q

How many neurons are there in the Somatic Motor Neuron?

A

From the CNS to the effector is one motor neuron (LMN)

69
Q

How many neurons are in the Autonomic motor system?

A

2 neurons (Preganglionic and Postganglionic)

70
Q

Which part of the Nervous system are Preganglionic and Postganglionic fibers found?

A

The autonomic motor system

71
Q

Where is the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system found?

A

Outside the CNS

72
Q

What is the relative length of Preganglionic and Postganglionic neurons in the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic: Short Preganglionic neuron, long postganglionic neuron
Parasympathetic: Long preganglionic neuron, short postganglionic neuron

73
Q

What neurotransmitter do all Autonomic preganglionic neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine

74
Q

What neurotransmitter do Postganglionic sympathetic neurons use?

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

75
Q

What transmitter do Postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine

76
Q

What is the one exception of neurotransmitters in Sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands use acetylcholine instead of adrenaline and noradrenaline

77
Q

Where is the only place in the entire body where there isn’t a corresponding Parasympathetic system?

A

The Skin

78
Q

What path do Sympathetic nerves go to innervate the skin?

A

The exit from the Ventral root (originally in the lateral horn) and go through the White ramus communicans find the postganglionic sympathetic nerve and then the grey ramus communicans

79
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic neurons arise?

A

In the lateral horn of the spinal cord

80
Q

Where does Direct (Somatic) pain arise from?

A

The body walls and limbs

81
Q

How is Somatic pain perceived?

A

It perceived as sharp and well focused, arising directly from the site of injury

82
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart?

A

The preganglionic neuron exits the lateral horn and goes through the ventral route then joins the white ramus communicans and then goes up to the heart

83
Q

Which nerves innervate the abdominal viscera?

A

T5-L2

84
Q

How do Sympathetic nerves get to the abdominal viscera?

A

The nerve originates in the lateral horn and takes the ventral root to the white ramus communicans and synapses in front of the aorta to the postganglionic neuron to the organs of the gut

85
Q

Where do Visceral Sensory axons synapse?

A

In the spinal cord

86
Q

Where do sensory neurons from the viscera synapse?

A

In the spinal cord before they go to the brain

87
Q

How does referred pain occur?

A

Sensory afferents combining

Anat (26 decks)

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