Lecture 14: Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards
What is the pump of the cardiovascular system?
The heart
What are the Conducting vessels of the cardiovascular system?
Arteries and veins
What are the sites for exchange with tissues in the Cardiovascular system?
Capillaries
Where is Drainage for excess tissue fluids in the Cardiovascular system?
Lymphatic vessels
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?
- Maintain homeostasis
- Transport
- Regulation of body temperature
What does the Cardiovascular system transport?
- Metabolites and wastes
- Hormones and signaling molecules
- dissolved gasses
- Cells involved in immune and inflammatory responses
What are the 2 Circuits in the Cardiovascular System?
- Pulmonary circuit to the lungs
* Systemic circuit to the rest of the body
Where does the heart reside?
In the Mediastinum
What is the Mediastinum?
A central region of the thorax within rib cage and bounded on the left and right by the lungs
Aside from the heart, what else does the Mediastinum contain?
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Thymus gland
- Large blood vessels
What is the Sac that the heart sits in?
The Pericardium
What are the two layers of the Pericardium?
The outer Fibrous Pericardium and the inner Parietal Pericardium
What are the 3 layers of the heart from outside to inside?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What does Parietal Pericardium secrete?
Serous fluid that lubricates the surface between the heart the and pericardial sac
What kind of tissue is the Parietal Pericardium?
Mesothelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium
What is the Epicardium identical to?
The Parietal (serous) epithelium of the Pericardium
What is the Largest Layer of the heart tissue?
The Myocardium
Describe the surface of the Endocardium?
Nice and smooth
Where is the Apex of the heart?
At the bottom
Where is the Base of the heart?
Kind of near the top
Which side of the heart (Front/Back) is the the right atrium and right ventricle?
The front of the heart
What do the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava do?
Bring deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium
What does the Coronary Sinus do?
Brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the right atrium
Which vessels lead into the Right Atrium?
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Superior Vena Cava
- Coronary Sinus
What is the function of the Atrial Appendage?
An extra source of expansion in the right atrium and help with contraction of the atrium
Which valve does blood go through from the Right Atrium?
Deoxygenated blood goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
How many flaps does the Tricuspid valve have?
3
What are the flaps of the tricuspid valve connected to?
Tendinous cords called the Chordae Tendineae
What are the Chordae Tendineae attached to?
The tricuspid valve on one end and papillary muscle on the other end
What is the purpose of the Tricuspid valve?
Stop blood from flowing backwards into the Atrium
How does the Tricuspid valve of the between the Right atrium and Right Ventricle work?
When blood enters the right ventricle, it pushes the valve closed from the ventricle side and the papillary muscles pull it so that the valve doesn’t invert
Why are the Ventricles more muscular than the Atrium?
Because they are pumping blood further
Where does blood go from the Right Ventricle?
The pulmonary trunk
Which valve does blood have to pass through to get to the Pulmonary Trunk?
The Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
What does the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Separate?
The Right ventricle and the Pulmonary Trunk
How many flaps does the Pulmonary Semilunar valve that separate the right ventricle and the Pulmonary trunk have?
3
What are the Pulmonary Sinuses?
The spaces inside the the Pulmonary Semilunar valve that blood falls back into
How does the Pulmonary Semilunar valve work?
It stops the backflow of blood into the right ventricle by filling the pulmonary sinuses with blood in order to close the valve
Where does the Pulmonary Trunk come from?
The right ventricle
What does the Pulmonary Trunk divide into?
The Right Pulmonary Artery and the Left Pulmonary Artery
Where do the Right and Left Pulmonary Artery go to?
The right and left lungs
What do the Right and Left Pulmonary Artery do?
Send deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the exception to the Artery and Vein rule?
- The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart
- The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart
How many Pulmonary veins are there?
2 on each side so 4. 2 Left pulmonary veins and 2 right pulmonary veins
Where do the Pulmonary veins lead to?
The left atrium
What do the Pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
What is the function of the lungs?
Receive oxygenated blood and send it out to the system
What valve does blood going from the Left Atrium to the Left ventricle have to go through?
The Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
What does the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve separate?
The Left Ventricle and the Left Atrium
What is the function of the Mitral (bicuspid) valve?
Prevent backflow into the Left atrium
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?
The Left Ventricle
What kind of Valve is the Aortic Valve?
A semilunar valve
What does the Aortic valve separate?
The Left Ventricle and the Aorta
How many cusps does the Aortic Valve have?
3 Cusps
What is Atherosclerosis?
Lesions on the valves that prevent them from functioning properly
What special feature do the Aortic valve have that the Pulmonary Valve does not have?
Opening to the left and right coronary arteries
How many Cusps does the Aortic Semilunar valve have?
3
What do the two holes in the cusps of the Semilunar Valve lead to?
The left and right Coronary Arteries
What do the Left and Right Coronary Arteries allow for?
Oxygenated blood to feed the heart
What does the Tricuspid Valve separate?
The right atrium and the right ventricle
What does the Bicuspid (mitral) valve separate?
The Left Atrium and the Left Ventricle
What does the Pulmonary Valve Separate?
The right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
What does the Aortic Valve Separate?
The Left ventricle and the Aorta
What are the valves of the heart like when the heart contracts?
The atrioventricular valves are closed (Bicuspid and Tricuspid) and the Semilunar Valves (Pulmonary and Aortic) valves are open
What are the Semilunar Valves and when are they open?
The Pulmonary and Aortic valves and they are open when the heart contracts
What are the Atrioventricular valves and when are the open?
Tricuspid and Bicuspid (mitral); When the heart is not contracting
What are the Atrioventricular valves and when are the open?
The Tricuspid and the Bicuspid (mitral) valves and when the heart is not contracting
What is the function of the Coronary Blood Vessels?
They are the Vascular Supply to the heart tissue
What are the two branches of the Coronary Artery?
- Right Coronary Artery
* Left Coronary Artery
Where does the Right Coronary Artery sit?
In the Coronary Sulcus in between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Where do the Right and Left Coronary Artery come off of?
The wall of the Aorta
What are the two branches of the Left Coronary Artery?
The Circumflex Branch and the Anterior Interventricular artery
Where does the Circumflex branch of the LCA go?
Through the coronary sulcus to the back side of the heart
Which Coronary Artery feeds the Left Atrium and Ventricle?
The Circumflex branch of the LCA
Where does the Anterior Interventricular Artery of the LCA travel?
Through the interventricular septum
What is the Major blood supply for the two ventricles?
The anterior interventricular artery of the LCA
What happens once the RCA winds around the back of the heart?
It gives rise to the Posterior Interventricular Artery
What is the Coronary Sinus?
The area of the heart where coronary veins meet and drain into the right atrium
Which path does the Great Cardiac Vein follow?
The same path of the Anterior Interventricular Artery
What kind of cells conduct in the heart?
Specialized myocardial cells
What are Cardiac cells filled with?
Sarcomeres, the filaments needed to contract
What are the two types of cells in the Conduction system?
- Contractile cells
* Conductive cells
What cells are the majority of Myocardium?
Contractile cells
What are Contractile cells responsible for?
Contraction of the heart
What are Conductive cells responsible for?
Spontaneous depolarization and transmission of electrical signals
What do Gap junction present between cardiac myocytes allo for?
Ion flow to synchronize muscle contraction and transmit electrical signals
What is the Pacemaker of the heart?
The SA node
Which node has the fastest rate of depolarization in the heart?
The SA node
Where is the Sinoatrial (SA) node found?
In the base of the Superior Vena Cava
Where does the signal first go when the SA node fires?
The right Atria and through the Bachmann’s bundle to the left Atria
What is the pathway that the signal from the SA node flows to the Left Atrium known as?
Bachmann’s bundle
Aside from the the Atria where does the the signal from the SA node go?
The AV node
What occurs once the signal from the SA node gets to the AV node?
The AV node pauses to allow the Atria to contract
Where does the Signal go after the AV node?
It goes the the AV bundle (of His) and through the right bundle branch to the Purkinje fibers
What is the Cardiac Cycle?
- Contraction of the Atria
* Contraction of the ventricles when the atria relax
What is the Lub and Dub sounds of the heart?
Lub is the AV valves closing and the Dub is the Semilunar valves closing
What does the Aorta do?
Sends blood to the body
What is the path of the Arch of the Aorta?
It goes anterior to posterior`
What do the major branches of the Arch of Aorta supply?
The upper limbs and the head
What is the branch of the right side of the Arch of Aorta?
The Brachiocephalic trunk
What does the Brachiocephalic trunk on the right side of the Aorta branch into?
The Right Common Carotid artery and the Right Subclavian Artery
Where does the Right Subclavian Artery go?
The arm
Where does the Right Common Carotid Artery go?
The head
What are the Branches on the Left side of the Aortic Arch?
The Left Common Carotid Artery and the Left Subclavian Artery
What is not present on the Left branch of the Aortic arch?
The Brachiocephalic trunk
Which vessel does blood take to get to the Left and Right Lungs?
The Left and Right Pulmonary Artery
What does the Superior Vena Cava do?
Bring blood from the limbs and the head to the heart
What does the Inferior Vena Cava do?
Bring blood from the lower body to the heart
What do the 4 Pulmonary veins do?
Bring oxygenated blood blood from the lungs to the Left Atrium
