Lecture 2: Tissue Types Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 tissue types?
A
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve
2
Q
Which type of tissue is considered the bodyguards of the body?
A
Epithelium
3
Q
How does Epithelium act as a body guard?
A
They determine what comes in and what comes out of the body
4
Q
What are some examples of where Epithelial tissue is present?
A
Surround blood vessels
Every organ has epithelium to determine what comes in and out
It also lines cavities
Covers every exposed body parts
5
Q
What kind of tissue is every gland in the body made of?
A
Epithelial tissue
6
Q
What is the caveat of Epithelial tissue?
A
It has no way to support itself and no way to remove its waste
7
Q
How does Epithelial tissue support itself?
A
It will always be associated with a connective tissue
8
Q
What is the main functions of Epithelium?
A
- Forms barriers between the inside and outside world
- Forms barriers between compartments in the body
- Covers exposed body surfaces
- Lines hollow organs, body cavities and tubes and glands
- Forms all glands in the body
9
Q
Which tissue forms barriers between the inside and outside world?
A
Epithelium
10
Q
Which tissue separates compartments within the body?
A
Epithelium
11
Q
What does Epithelium line?
A
Hollow organs, body cavities and tubes of glands
12
Q
What are the functions of Connective tissue?
A
- Links tissues and organs together
- Provides structural and metabolic support
- Stores energy
- Forms the immune system
13
Q
Which tissue links tissues and organs together?
A
Connective tissue
14
Q
Which tissue provides structural and metabolic support?
A
Connective tissue
15
Q
Which tissue type stores energy?
A
Connective
16
Q
Which tissue forms the immune system?
A
Connective
17
Q
What type of tissue is under the layer of epithelium in the skin?
A
Connective tissue
18
Q
What additional type of tissue is present whenever there is epithelial tissue?
A
Connective tissue
19
Q
Which kind of tissue is the lymphatic system made of?
A
Connective
20
Q
What kind of tissue is the immune system?
A
Connective
21
Q
What is the main way that connective tissue stores energy?
A
In fat
22
Q
What is Muscle tissue specialized for?
A
Contraction
23
Q
What does Muscle tissue generate force to?
A
- Produce motion of body parts
* Move substances through blood vessels and hollow organs
24
Q
What does Muscle tissue do in relation to temperature?
A
It maintains body temperature
25
What is the function of Nervous tissue?
* Receives, process and integrates signals from within the body and from external environment
* Generates and transmits impulses that control and integrate the various function of the body
26
What does Epithelia look like?
A bunch of cells that are nicely stacked up and are linked super tightly
27
What is the Vascularity of Epithelia?
It is avascular but has many nerves
28
What are the two surfaces of Epithelia?
Apical and Basal
29
What is the Apical surface of Epithelia?
The surface that faces the cavity of whatever it lines
30
What is the Basal surface of Epithelia?
The surface of epithelial cells that faces the base
31
What is the Basal surface associated with?
The extracellular matrix or ECM
32
What forms the Basement membrane?
The ECM from epithelium and the ECM from connective tissue that bind together
33
How much ECM is there with Epithelia?
Epithelia doesn't have much extracellular matrix, only the Basement membrane
34
What does it mean for Epithelia to be polarized?
The apical and basal surfaces will both have separate functions
35
What is the rate of regeneration of Epithelial cells?
They have a very high rate of regeneration
36
What are the characteristics of Epithelium?
* Continuous
* Avascular but richly innervated
* Rests on Basal Lamina
* Polarized
* High regeneration
37
What are the different functions that Epithelia serves?
* Absorption
* Permeability
* Secretion
* Sensation
* Protection
38
What are the two ways Epithelia is classified?
* Number of layers of cells
| * Shape of cells in outermost (apical) layer
39
What are the types of Epithelial tissue?
* Simple squamous epithelium
* Simple cuboidal
* Simple columnar
* Pseudostratified columnar
* Stratified squamous
* Stratified cuboidal
* Stratified columnar
* Transitional
40
What are the physical characteristics of Simple Squamous epithelium?
* Single layer of flat cells
| * Irregular shape
41
What does Simple Squamous Epithelium line?
* Body cavities
* Heart chambers and blood vessels
* Sites of gas exchange in lungs
42
What does the single layer of Simple Squamous epithelium allow for?
Things to pass through very easily
43
What does Simple Squamous epithelium secrete?
Serous fluid
44
What is the function of Serous fluid?
Reduces friction
45
What is Mesothelium?
The Simple Squamous epithelium that lines body cavities
46
What is Endothelium?
The Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart chambers
47
Which type of Epithelial tissue controls vessel permeability?
Simple Squamous epithelium
48
What are the physical characteristics of Simple Cuboidal epithelium?
* Single layer of cells
| * Cell height equals cell with
49
Where is Simple Cuboidal epithelium found?
* In glands and their ducts
| * Lining portions of the kidney
50
What are the main functions of Simple Cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption
51
What are the physical characteristics of Simple Columnar epithelium?
* Single layer of cells
| * Cells taller than they are wide
52
What does Simple Columnar epithelium line?
The digestive tract
53
What is the function of Simple Columnar epithelium?
* Absorption and protection in the digestive tract
| * Secrete mucus and enzymes
54
What are the physical characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
* 1 layer thick
* All cells touch the basal lamina but not all may reach the apical surface
* The ones that reach the top have cilia
55
Where is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
In the respiratory system
56
What do the Cilia on Pseudostratified columnar epithelium do?
The ones on the top have projections to move things along like mucus and the ones below produce mucus
57
What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Squamous epithelium?
* Stratified cells
* Outermost layer is squamous
* Many layers
58
Where is Stratified Squamous Epithelium found?
Where mechanical stresses are severe
•Outer layer of skin
•Oral cavity, esophagus, anus, vagina
59
Where is Keratin found?
It is found in the skin
60
How does Keratin work?
It dehydrates and forms extra protection by not allowing water to go through and escape
61
What is the function of Stratified Squamous epithelium?
Provides protection against abrasions, pathogens and chemicals
62
What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?
* Two to three layers of cells
| * Outer layer is square
63
Where is the Stratified Cuboidal epithelium found?
In ducts of sweat and mammary glands
64
What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?
Protection and secretion
65
What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Columnar epithelium?
* Two to multiple layers
| * Outer layer of cells is rectangular
66
Why is Stratified Columnar epithelium rare?
Because it is mostly a transitional tissue
67
Where is Transitional Epithelium found?
In the urinary tract
68
What are the physical characteristics of Transitional epithelium?
* Multiple layers
| * Outermost cells are large and dome shaped
69
What is interesting about Transitional epithelium?
The outermost layer can change shape
70
What is the function of Transitional epithelium?
Expansion and protection
71
What kind of tissue are glands formed from?
Epithelial tissue
72
How do Glands form?
Epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue
73
What are the two types of Glands?
Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands
74
What are Exocrine glands?
Glands that release secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces
75
What are Endocrine glands?
Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood
76
What are the 3 types of secretions?
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
77
What is Merocrine secretion?
Where the apical surface secretes by normal exocytosis
78
What is Apocrine secretion?
Where the entire apical surface gets pinched off
79
What is Holocrine secretion?
When the whole cell itself is the secretion
80
Where does Merocrine secretion occur?
Sweat glands
81
Where does Apocrine secretion occur?
Mammary glands
82
Where does Holocrine secretion occur?
Sebaceous glands
83
What are connective tissue cells dispersed in?
Abundant extracellular matrix
84
What determines the type of connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix that the tissue is bathing in
85
What are liquid connective tissues?
Blood and Lymph
86
What are solid connective tissues?
Bone
87
What makes up the Matrix of connective tissue?
Fibres, ground substance, fluid
88
What is the Fibres of the ECM of connective tissue?
The cells that make it up
89
What does the Ground substance do in the ECM?
Determines its consistency
90
What are the different components of Connective tissue?
```
Fibroblasts
Ground substance
Fibres
Adipocytes
Macrophages
```
91
What do Fibroblasts do?
Secrete ECM and produce different fibres
92
What is Hydrated gel and what is its function?
It is a hydrated gel and provides compression strength
93
What are the 3 types of Connective Fibres?
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
94
Describe the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?
* Collagen - Tensile strength
* Elastic - Thin rubber like
* Reticular - Scaffold/support branching network
95
What is the function of Adipocytes?
Store lipid reserves
96
What is the function of Macrophages?
Ingest debris and function in immune response
97
What is the classification of connective tissue based on?
* Density of fibres
* Types of fibres
* Specific cell types
98
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
* Proper
* Fluid
* Supporting
99
What are the characteristics of Proper connective tissue?
It has many types of cells and EC fibres in a syrupy ground substance
100
What are the characteristics of Fluid connective tissue?
It will have specific cell types in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins
101
What are some examples of Fluid connective tissue?
Blood and Lymph
102
What are the characteristic of Supporting connective tissue?
Specific cell types and a matrix with closely packed fibres
103
What are examples of Supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage and bone
104
What are membranes composed of?
Epithelium and connective tissue
105
What do membranes line?
Hollow organs and cavities
106
What are the 4 types of Membranes?
* Mucous
* Serous
* Cutaneous
* Synovial
107
Where are Mucous membranes found?
All throughout tubes
108
Where are Serous membranes found?
In body cavities
109
Where is Cutaneous membrane found?
In the skin
110
Where are synovial membranes found?
In the joints
111
What basic cell does every connective tissue come from?
Mesenchyme
112
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of connective tissue that is found in developing embryos and adults found as stem cells
113
What are the types of Proper connective tissue?
* Loose
* Areolar
* Adipose
* Reticular
* Dense
* Dense regular
* Dense irregular
114
What are the 3 types of Loose Connective tissue?
* Areolar
* Adipose
* Reticular
115
What are the characteristics of Areolar connective tissue?
It is the most common connective tissue and least specialized
116
What is the function of CT Proper: Areolar?
Link together tissues and organs throughout the body
117
What is another name for CT Proper: Adipose?
Fat tissue
118
Where is Adipose tissue found?
In specific areas like the skin
119
What is the function of CT Proper: Adipose?
Padding, insulation and energy storage
120
What do CT Proper: Reticular tissue make?
Nodes of the the lymphatic system
121
Which tissue are Nodes of the lymphatic system made of?
CT Proper: Reticular connective tissue
122
What are the characteristics of CT Proper: Dense connective tissue?
* Abundance of fibres
| * Relatively little ground substance and few cells
123
What are the two types of CT Proper: Dense connective tissue?
Regular and Irregular
124
What does CT Proper: Dense connective tissue look a lot like?
Muscle tissue
125
Where is CT Proper: Dense connective tissue found?
In places that are transitional with other connective tissue so in Tendons and Ligaments
126
What tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
CT Proper: Dense regular connective tissue
127
What does Dense irregular connective tissue look like?
Unaligned fibres that run at a variety of angles
128
What does CT Proper: Dense irregular connective tissue form?
Dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles and nerves
129
What tissue is the Dermis of the skin made of?
CT Proper: Dense irregular connective tissue
130
What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and Lymph
131
What forms the fluid matrix in blood?
Plasma
132
What is blood composed of?
Blood cells and plasma
133
What is Lymph composed of?
Lymphocytes and lymph fluid
134
What is Lymph fluid?
A dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid
135
What tissue makes up cartilage and bone?
Supporting connective tissue
136
What is the shape of Muscle tissue cells?
Elongated cells
137
Which proteins allow Muscle to contract?
Actin and Myosin
138
Describe the Physical characteristics of Skeletal muscle?
* Cylindrical
* Multiple peripheral nuclei
* Striated
139
What does it mean to be striated?
Actin and Myosin are aligned
140
Describe the physical characteristics of Cardiac muscle?
* Striated
* Single central nucleus
* Branching fibres with intercalated discs
141
Describe the physical characteristics of Smooth Muscles
* Spindle shapes
* Central nucleus
* Non striated
142
What is the symmetry of neurons?
They are assymetrical
143
What are the 4 functional compartments of neurons?
* Cell body
* Dendrites
* Axon
* Presynaptic terminal
144
What is the function of Presynaptic terminals?
They contain neurotransmitter vesicles to stimulate next neuron, a muscle cell or a gland
145
What is the Myelin sheath produced by?
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
146
What do Ependymal cells produce?
CSF
147
What do Microglia produce?
Macrophages
148
What are astrocytes important for?
Physical support metabolic and ionic homeostasis, protection
