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Anat > Lecture 2: Tissue Types > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve

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2
Q

Which type of tissue is considered the bodyguards of the body?

A

Epithelium

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3
Q

How does Epithelium act as a body guard?

A

They determine what comes in and what comes out of the body

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4
Q

What are some examples of where Epithelial tissue is present?

A

Surround blood vessels
Every organ has epithelium to determine what comes in and out
It also lines cavities
Covers every exposed body parts

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5
Q

What kind of tissue is every gland in the body made of?

A

Epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What is the caveat of Epithelial tissue?

A

It has no way to support itself and no way to remove its waste

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7
Q

How does Epithelial tissue support itself?

A

It will always be associated with a connective tissue

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8
Q

What is the main functions of Epithelium?

A
  • Forms barriers between the inside and outside world
  • Forms barriers between compartments in the body
  • Covers exposed body surfaces
  • Lines hollow organs, body cavities and tubes and glands
  • Forms all glands in the body
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9
Q

Which tissue forms barriers between the inside and outside world?

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

Which tissue separates compartments within the body?

A

Epithelium

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11
Q

What does Epithelium line?

A

Hollow organs, body cavities and tubes of glands

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12
Q

What are the functions of Connective tissue?

A
  • Links tissues and organs together
  • Provides structural and metabolic support
  • Stores energy
  • Forms the immune system
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13
Q

Which tissue links tissues and organs together?

A

Connective tissue

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14
Q

Which tissue provides structural and metabolic support?

A

Connective tissue

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15
Q

Which tissue type stores energy?

A

Connective

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16
Q

Which tissue forms the immune system?

A

Connective

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17
Q

What type of tissue is under the layer of epithelium in the skin?

A

Connective tissue

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18
Q

What additional type of tissue is present whenever there is epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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19
Q

Which kind of tissue is the lymphatic system made of?

A

Connective

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20
Q

What kind of tissue is the immune system?

A

Connective

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21
Q

What is the main way that connective tissue stores energy?

A

In fat

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22
Q

What is Muscle tissue specialized for?

A

Contraction

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23
Q

What does Muscle tissue generate force to?

A
  • Produce motion of body parts

* Move substances through blood vessels and hollow organs

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24
Q

What does Muscle tissue do in relation to temperature?

A

It maintains body temperature

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25
Q

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

A
  • Receives, process and integrates signals from within the body and from external environment
  • Generates and transmits impulses that control and integrate the various function of the body
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26
Q

What does Epithelia look like?

A

A bunch of cells that are nicely stacked up and are linked super tightly

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27
Q

What is the Vascularity of Epithelia?

A

It is avascular but has many nerves

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28
Q

What are the two surfaces of Epithelia?

A

Apical and Basal

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29
Q

What is the Apical surface of Epithelia?

A

The surface that faces the cavity of whatever it lines

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30
Q

What is the Basal surface of Epithelia?

A

The surface of epithelial cells that faces the base

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31
Q

What is the Basal surface associated with?

A

The extracellular matrix or ECM

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32
Q

What forms the Basement membrane?

A

The ECM from epithelium and the ECM from connective tissue that bind together

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33
Q

How much ECM is there with Epithelia?

A

Epithelia doesn’t have much extracellular matrix, only the Basement membrane

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34
Q

What does it mean for Epithelia to be polarized?

A

The apical and basal surfaces will both have separate functions

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35
Q

What is the rate of regeneration of Epithelial cells?

A

They have a very high rate of regeneration

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelium?

A
  • Continuous
  • Avascular but richly innervated
  • Rests on Basal Lamina
  • Polarized
  • High regeneration
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37
Q

What are the different functions that Epithelia serves?

A
  • Absorption
  • Permeability
  • Secretion
  • Sensation
  • Protection
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38
Q

What are the two ways Epithelia is classified?

A
  • Number of layers of cells

* Shape of cells in outermost (apical) layer

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39
Q

What are the types of Epithelial tissue?

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
  • Pseudostratified columnar
  • Stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
  • Transitional
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40
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Simple Squamous epithelium?

A
  • Single layer of flat cells

* Irregular shape

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41
Q

What does Simple Squamous Epithelium line?

A
  • Body cavities
  • Heart chambers and blood vessels
  • Sites of gas exchange in lungs
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42
Q

What does the single layer of Simple Squamous epithelium allow for?

A

Things to pass through very easily

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43
Q

What does Simple Squamous epithelium secrete?

A

Serous fluid

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44
Q

What is the function of Serous fluid?

A

Reduces friction

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45
Q

What is Mesothelium?

A

The Simple Squamous epithelium that lines body cavities

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46
Q

What is Endothelium?

A

The Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart chambers

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47
Q

Which type of Epithelial tissue controls vessel permeability?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium

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48
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Simple Cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Single layer of cells

* Cell height equals cell with

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49
Q

Where is Simple Cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • In glands and their ducts

* Lining portions of the kidney

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50
Q

What are the main functions of Simple Cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

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51
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Simple Columnar epithelium?

A
  • Single layer of cells

* Cells taller than they are wide

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52
Q

What does Simple Columnar epithelium line?

A

The digestive tract

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53
Q

What is the function of Simple Columnar epithelium?

A
  • Absorption and protection in the digestive tract

* Secrete mucus and enzymes

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54
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • 1 layer thick
  • All cells touch the basal lamina but not all may reach the apical surface
  • The ones that reach the top have cilia
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55
Q

Where is Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

In the respiratory system

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56
Q

What do the Cilia on Pseudostratified columnar epithelium do?

A

The ones on the top have projections to move things along like mucus and the ones below produce mucus

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57
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Squamous epithelium?

A
  • Stratified cells
  • Outermost layer is squamous
  • Many layers
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58
Q

Where is Stratified Squamous Epithelium found?

A

Where mechanical stresses are severe
•Outer layer of skin
•Oral cavity, esophagus, anus, vagina

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59
Q

Where is Keratin found?

A

It is found in the skin

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60
Q

How does Keratin work?

A

It dehydrates and forms extra protection by not allowing water to go through and escape

61
Q

What is the function of Stratified Squamous epithelium?

A

Provides protection against abrasions, pathogens and chemicals

62
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • Two to three layers of cells

* Outer layer is square

63
Q

Where is the Stratified Cuboidal epithelium found?

A

In ducts of sweat and mammary glands

64
Q

What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal epithelium?

A

Protection and secretion

65
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Stratified Columnar epithelium?

A
  • Two to multiple layers

* Outer layer of cells is rectangular

66
Q

Why is Stratified Columnar epithelium rare?

A

Because it is mostly a transitional tissue

67
Q

Where is Transitional Epithelium found?

A

In the urinary tract

68
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Transitional epithelium?

A
  • Multiple layers

* Outermost cells are large and dome shaped

69
Q

What is interesting about Transitional epithelium?

A

The outermost layer can change shape

70
Q

What is the function of Transitional epithelium?

A

Expansion and protection

71
Q

What kind of tissue are glands formed from?

A

Epithelial tissue

72
Q

How do Glands form?

A

Epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue

73
Q

What are the two types of Glands?

A

Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands

74
Q

What are Exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

75
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood

76
Q

What are the 3 types of secretions?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

77
Q

What is Merocrine secretion?

A

Where the apical surface secretes by normal exocytosis

78
Q

What is Apocrine secretion?

A

Where the entire apical surface gets pinched off

79
Q

What is Holocrine secretion?

A

When the whole cell itself is the secretion

80
Q

Where does Merocrine secretion occur?

A

Sweat glands

81
Q

Where does Apocrine secretion occur?

A

Mammary glands

82
Q

Where does Holocrine secretion occur?

A

Sebaceous glands

83
Q

What are connective tissue cells dispersed in?

A

Abundant extracellular matrix

84
Q

What determines the type of connective tissue?

A

The extracellular matrix that the tissue is bathing in

85
Q

What are liquid connective tissues?

A

Blood and Lymph

86
Q

What are solid connective tissues?

87
Q

What makes up the Matrix of connective tissue?

A

Fibres, ground substance, fluid

88
Q

What is the Fibres of the ECM of connective tissue?

A

The cells that make it up

89
Q

What does the Ground substance do in the ECM?

A

Determines its consistency

90
Q

What are the different components of Connective tissue?

A 
Fibroblasts
Ground substance
Fibres
Adipocytes
Macrophages
91
Q

What do Fibroblasts do?

A

Secrete ECM and produce different fibres

92
Q

What is Hydrated gel and what is its function?

A

It is a hydrated gel and provides compression strength

93
Q

What are the 3 types of Connective Fibres?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

94
Q

Describe the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • Collagen - Tensile strength
  • Elastic - Thin rubber like
  • Reticular - Scaffold/support branching network
95
Q

What is the function of Adipocytes?

A

Store lipid reserves

96
Q

What is the function of Macrophages?

A

Ingest debris and function in immune response

97
Q

What is the classification of connective tissue based on?

A
  • Density of fibres
  • Types of fibres
  • Specific cell types
98
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Proper
  • Fluid
  • Supporting
99
Q

What are the characteristics of Proper connective tissue?

A

It has many types of cells and EC fibres in a syrupy ground substance

100
Q

What are the characteristics of Fluid connective tissue?

A

It will have specific cell types in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins

101
Q

What are some examples of Fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and Lymph

102
Q

What are the characteristic of Supporting connective tissue?

A

Specific cell types and a matrix with closely packed fibres

103
Q

What are examples of Supporting connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone

104
Q

What are membranes composed of?

A

Epithelium and connective tissue

105
Q

What do membranes line?

A

Hollow organs and cavities

106
Q

What are the 4 types of Membranes?

A
  • Mucous
  • Serous
  • Cutaneous
  • Synovial
107
Q

Where are Mucous membranes found?

A

All throughout tubes

108
Q

Where are Serous membranes found?

A

In body cavities

109
Q

Where is Cutaneous membrane found?

A

In the skin

110
Q

Where are synovial membranes found?

A

In the joints

111
Q

What basic cell does every connective tissue come from?

A

Mesenchyme

112
Q

What is Mesenchyme?

A

A type of connective tissue that is found in developing embryos and adults found as stem cells

113
Q

What are the types of Proper connective tissue?

A
  • Loose
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
  • Dense
  • Dense regular
  • Dense irregular
114
Q

What are the 3 types of Loose Connective tissue?

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
115
Q

What are the characteristics of Areolar connective tissue?

A

It is the most common connective tissue and least specialized

116
Q

What is the function of CT Proper: Areolar?

A

Link together tissues and organs throughout the body

117
Q

What is another name for CT Proper: Adipose?

A

Fat tissue

118
Q

Where is Adipose tissue found?

A

In specific areas like the skin

119
Q

What is the function of CT Proper: Adipose?

A

Padding, insulation and energy storage

120
Q

What do CT Proper: Reticular tissue make?

A

Nodes of the the lymphatic system

121
Q

Which tissue are Nodes of the lymphatic system made of?

A

CT Proper: Reticular connective tissue

122
Q

What are the characteristics of CT Proper: Dense connective tissue?

A
  • Abundance of fibres

* Relatively little ground substance and few cells

123
Q

What are the two types of CT Proper: Dense connective tissue?

A

Regular and Irregular

124
Q

What does CT Proper: Dense connective tissue look a lot like?

A

Muscle tissue

125
Q

Where is CT Proper: Dense connective tissue found?

A

In places that are transitional with other connective tissue so in Tendons and Ligaments

126
Q

What tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

A

CT Proper: Dense regular connective tissue

127
Q

What does Dense irregular connective tissue look like?

A

Unaligned fibres that run at a variety of angles

128
Q

What does CT Proper: Dense irregular connective tissue form?

A

Dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles and nerves

129
Q

What tissue is the Dermis of the skin made of?

A

CT Proper: Dense irregular connective tissue

130
Q

What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and Lymph

131
Q

What forms the fluid matrix in blood?

132
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Blood cells and plasma

133
Q

What is Lymph composed of?

A

Lymphocytes and lymph fluid

134
Q

What is Lymph fluid?

A

A dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

135
Q

What tissue makes up cartilage and bone?

A

Supporting connective tissue

136
Q

What is the shape of Muscle tissue cells?

A

Elongated cells

137
Q

Which proteins allow Muscle to contract?

A

Actin and Myosin

138
Q

Describe the Physical characteristics of Skeletal muscle?

A
  • Cylindrical
  • Multiple peripheral nuclei
  • Striated
139
Q

What does it mean to be striated?

A

Actin and Myosin are aligned

140
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Cardiac muscle?

A
  • Striated
  • Single central nucleus
  • Branching fibres with intercalated discs
141
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Smooth Muscles

A
  • Spindle shapes
  • Central nucleus
  • Non striated
142
Q

What is the symmetry of neurons?

A

They are assymetrical

143
Q

What are the 4 functional compartments of neurons?

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Presynaptic terminal
144
Q

What is the function of Presynaptic terminals?

A

They contain neurotransmitter vesicles to stimulate next neuron, a muscle cell or a gland

145
Q

What is the Myelin sheath produced by?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

146
Q

What do Ependymal cells produce?

147
Q

What do Microglia produce?

A

Macrophages

148
Q

What are astrocytes important for?

A

Physical support metabolic and ionic homeostasis, protection

Anat (26 decks)

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