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Anat > Lecture 23: Reproductive System III > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Reproductive System III Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Ovarian Cycle have to do with?

A

The maturation of the gamete and the follicular cells around it and release the hormones around it

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2
Q

What hormone does the maturation of the follicle produce a lot of?

A

A lot of estrogen

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3
Q

What hormone causes maturation of the follicles?

A

FSH

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4
Q

What hormones does a maturing follicle produce?

A

Estrogen

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5
Q

What does high estrogen when one oocyte is mature cause?

A

Luteinizing hormone to be released causing ovulation

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6
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone stimulated by high amounts of estrogen cause?

A

Ovulation

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7
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum release?

A

Some estrogen but mostly progesterone

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8
Q

What releases estrogen and progesterone after ovulation?

A

The corpus luteum

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9
Q

How many days does it take for the Corpus Luteum to degenerate?

A

12 days

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10
Q

What happens to Progesterone and Estrogen levels after the corpus luteum degenerates?

A

The hormones in the bloodstream decrease

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11
Q

What takes over production of hormones once there is implantation?

A

The placenta

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12
Q

What hormone does the Placenta produce?

A

hCG

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13
Q

How does hCG produced by the placenta affect the corpus luteum?

A

It keeps the corpus luteum active to allow progesterone and estrogen to keep being produced during pregnancy

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14
Q

Which hormone does the placenta take over?

A

The LH in order to send signals to produce progesterone and estrogen

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15
Q

Which hormone does the placenta replace?

A

LH

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16
Q

Which hormone is detected in pregnancy tests?

A

hCG

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17
Q

Which part of the ovary does the hCG produced by the placenta maintain?

A

The corpus luteum

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18
Q

How long does hCG produced by the placenta maintain the corpus luteum?

A

Until the first trimester is over

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19
Q

What does the maintaining of the Corpus Luteum by hCG do?

A
  • Maintains progesterone

* Causes angiogenesis of uterine vasculature

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20
Q

What does the maintenance of progesterone do?

A

Maintains the endometrium

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21
Q

When does the placenta take over the secretion of all hormones?

A

By the second trimester

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22
Q

What hormones does the placenta take over of releasing during the second trimester?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, relaxin

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23
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum in the first trimester?

A

hCG

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24
Q

What does the maintained corpus luteum in the first semester produce?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

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25
Q

What hormone maintains the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

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26
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

The production of vasculature

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27
Q

What is the production of vasculature important for?

A
  • To develop the placenta

* To feed and get rid of the waste of developing embryo

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28
Q

What does the Placenta connect to?

A

It connects the foetus to uterine wall through the umbilical cord

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29
Q

What is there an exchange of in the placenta?

A

Blood and nutrients

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30
Q

What are the many functions of the Placenta?

A
  • Nutrient intake
  • Thermoregulation
  • Waste elimination
  • Gas exchange
  • Fight against internal infections
  • Produces hCG
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31
Q

What kind of innervation occurs in the vaginal canal?

A

Both autonomic and somatic innervation

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32
Q

What are the three layers of the cervix?

A
  • Mesometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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33
Q

What is the mesometrium of the uterus?

A

The parietal peritoneum

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34
Q

What is the general name for the Mesometrium?

A

The Broad Ligament

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35
Q

What is the broad ligament specifically called when its around the uterus?

A

The Mesometrium

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36
Q

What is the mesentery of the uterus called?

A

The Mesometrium

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37
Q

What is the muscular layer of the uterus known as?

A

The myometrium

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38
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle in the myometrium?

A

Three

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39
Q

What is the mucosal layer of the uterus called?

A

The Endometrium

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40
Q

What kind of tissue is the Endometrium made of?

A

Squamous epithelium

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41
Q

What is the Endometrium specialized for?

A

It produces a whole other layer of tissue each month

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42
Q

Describe the flexibility of the cervix?

A

It is a hard fibrous capsule

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43
Q

What helps the cervix to relax and dilate it?

A

Relaxin

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44
Q

What does the cervix produce to prevent the passage of bacteria into the uterus from the vagina?

A

Mucous

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45
Q

What does the Mucus produced by the cervix do?

A

Prevents the passage of bacteria from the vagina

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46
Q

How is the mucus produced by the cervix different during a surge in LH during ovulation?

A

It is more watery

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47
Q

What is the thickest layer of the uterus?

A

The Myometrium

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48
Q

What are the two layers of the Endometrium?

A
  • Basal Layer

* Functional layer

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49
Q

What is the name of the Mucosal layer of the uterus?

A

The Endometrium

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50
Q

Which layer of the Endometrium is always present?

A

The Basal layer

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51
Q

How often is the functional layer of the endometrium present?

A

Once a month during reproductive age

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52
Q

What do the Glands of the endometrium do?

A

Prepare the environment for implantation

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53
Q

Where do the ovarian vessels originate?

A

The abdominal aorta

54
Q

What are the blood vessels of the Ovaries?

A

The suspensory ligament

55
Q

What does the Suspensory ligament supply?

A

The ovaries and the uterine tube

56
Q

What blood vessels do the transverse ligament/uterine vessels come from?

A

The internal iliac vessels

57
Q

What vasculature does the Vaginal canal have?

A

The Vaginal vessels

58
Q

What are the three phases of the Uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A
  • Menses
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
59
Q

What occurs in the Proliferative phase?

A

Building up the functional layer of the uterus

60
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A

Secretion of uterine glands

61
Q

How does Estrogen affect the functional layer?

A

It induces the proliferation of endometrium following menstruation

62
Q

How does Progesterone affect the functional layer?

A

It causes the endometrium to become secretory and prepares it for implantation

63
Q

How is FSH affected by menstruation?

A

After menstruation FSH begins to be released again

64
Q

What do Straight Arteries supply?

A

The stratum basalis

65
Q

What do Spiral Arteries supply?

A

The Stratum functionalis

66
Q

Which arteries supply the stratum Basalis?

A

Straight arteries

67
Q

Which arteries supply the stratum functionalis?

A

Spiral arteries

68
Q

Which arteries shed and regrow during each menstrual cycle?

A

Spiral arteries

69
Q

What is the order of blood vessels from the uterine artery?

A

Arcuate arteries ➡️ Radial arteries ➡️ Straight Artery ➡️ Spiral Artery

70
Q

Which blood vessels feed the myometrium?

A

Arcuate Arteries

71
Q

What causes spiral arteries to enlarge and mature?

A

Progesterone during the secretory phase

72
Q

What hormones decreases as a result of corpus luteum generation?

A

Loss of progesterone

73
Q

How does the degeneration of the corpus luteum affect the smooth muscle?

A

They cause the spiral arteries to die off causing spasms of smooth muscle and the endometrium becomes ischemic, dies & is shed

74
Q

What is occur in with the follicles during the proliferative phase of the uterus?

A

Primary and secondary follicles are enlarging in the ovary

75
Q

What is the mucus of the uterus rich in during to proliferative phase and why?

A

It is rich in lipids and glycogen to feed the potential implantation

76
Q

What occurs in the endometrium when the corpus luteum is around for 12 days?

A
  • Glands enlarge and accelerate their rate of secretions

* Spiral arteries elongate throughout the functional layer

77
Q

Which hormones cause the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

78
Q

When does the Secretory phase begin?

A

At ovulation if the CL is intact

79
Q

What causes the Menstrual phase?

A

Decrease in sex hormones

80
Q

Which hormone does GnRH cause to be released from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH

81
Q

What does FSH do to follicles?

A

Cause them to start maturing

82
Q

What hormones do maturing follicles release?

A

Estrogen

83
Q

How is the functional layer of the endometrium affected by estrogen produced by maturing follicles?

A

The estrogen causes the functional layer to start being built

84
Q

What does the estrogen produced by maturing follicles do to the pituitary?

A

Cause it to release LH

85
Q

What does LH cause?

A

Ovulation

86
Q

What does the corpus luteum release?

A

Progesterone

87
Q

What does Progesterone do to the functional layer of the entrometrium?

A

Induces the secretory phase

88
Q

What kind of cells in the Cervix produce mucus?

A

Columnar cells

89
Q

What forms rugae in the Vagina?

A

Smooth muscles

90
Q

What is the Vagina moistened by?

A

Cervical Mucus

91
Q

What causes the acidic environment of the Vagina?

A

Bacteria

92
Q

What kind of epithelium is the vagina made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

93
Q

Why do the cells of the vagina contain glycogen?

A

To feed resident bacteria

94
Q

What serves as the substrate for lactic acid producing bacteria in vaginal epithelium?

A

Desquamated cells

95
Q

What are the Fornices around the cervix?

A
  • Anterior fornix
  • Posterior fornix
  • Lateral Fornix
96
Q

Where does semen liquify in the vagina?

A

In the fornices

97
Q

What is the entryway to both urinary and reproductive system in the External genitalia?

A

The vestibule

98
Q

What does the Vulva include?

A
  • Vestibule
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Labia majora
99
Q

What is the external urethral orifice in males equivalent to?

A

The external urethral orifice in females

100
Q

What is the Glans of the penis in males equivalent to in females?

A

The glans of the clitoris

101
Q

What is the Prepuce in males equivalent to in females?

A

The prepuce in females

102
Q

What is the Body of the penis in males equivalent to in females?

A

Body of the clitoris

103
Q

What is the Raphe of the penis in males equivalent to in females?

A

Labia minora

104
Q

What is the Scrotum in males equivalent to in females?

A

The Labia Majora in females

105
Q

What has no equivalence in males and females?

A

The vaginal orifice

106
Q

What does the External Urethral opening do?

A

Regulates urethral opening

107
Q

Which muscles support the pelvic organs?

A

The levator ani and the external anal sphincter

108
Q

What is the difference between the external urethral sphincter in males and females?

A

The external urethral sphincter in females also wraps around the vaginal canal whereas in males it only wraps around the the urethra so it is more developed in males

109
Q

What is the Crus of the clitoris equivalent to?

A

The Crus of the penis

110
Q

What is the Corpora cavernosa in males equivalent to in females?

A

The body of the clitoris

111
Q

What is the difference in the corpus spongiosum in males and females?

A

In males there’s is only one corpus spongiosum, in females there are two called the bulb of the vestibule

112
Q

What is the bulb of the vestibule equivalent to in males?

A

The Corpus spongiosum

113
Q

What forms the body of the clitoris in females?

A

The corpora cavernosa

114
Q

What is the Bulbourethral gland equivalent to in females?

A

Greater vestibular gland

115
Q

What does the Greater vestibular gland in females do?

A

Stimulate secretions into the vaginal canal to prepare for knockin boots

116
Q

What does the Bulbospongiosus cover?

A

The bulbs of vestibule and greater vestibular glands

117
Q

What does the Ischiocavernosus muscle cover?

A

Erectile tissue of the corpora cavernosa

118
Q

What are the Perineal mucles?

A
  • Bulbospongioso

* Ischiocavernoso

119
Q

What are the female homologues for the prostate gland?

A

Skene’s gland

120
Q

What does Sympathetic innervation of the upper uterus do?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Blood vessels
  • Contraction of smooth muscles
  • Ejaculation
121
Q

What does Parasympathetic innervation of the upper uterus do?

A
  • Vasodilation of blood vessels

* Erection

122
Q

Which nerves are involved in Sympathetic innervation of the upper uterus?

A

T12-L2

123
Q

Which nerves are involved in Parasympathetic innervation of the Upper Uterus?

A

S2-S4

124
Q

Which nerves are involved in somatic motor of the lower vagina?

A

Pudendal nerve S2-S4

125
Q

What does Relaxin do?

A

Relaxes all the fibrous tissue and ligaments in the body and the cervix and causes the curvature of the spine to change

126
Q

Which ligaments get stretched due to relaxin?

A

The round ligament and the uterosacral ligament

127
Q

What occurs when the cervix dialates?

A

It shortens and pushes down due to relaxin

128
Q

How are other systems of the body affected by pregnancy?

A
  • Posture changes due to ligament stretch
  • Cardiac and respiratory input and output changes
  • Increase in waste production
129
Q

What is Colostrum important for?

A

It contains immune cells for the baby

130
Q

What kind of secretion do Mammary glands use?

A

Apocrine secretion

131
Q

What hormones is milk production stimulated by?

A
  • Prolactin

* Estrogen and progesterone

132
Q

What is milk ejection stimulated by?

A

Oxytocin (also helps to reduce size of uterus)

Anat (26 decks)

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