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Anat > Lecture 15: Blood and Lymph Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Blood and Lymph Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of Connective Tissue is Blood and Lymph?

A

Fluid Connective Tissue

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2
Q

What is Blood composed of?

A

Formed elements and Plasma

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3
Q

What does the Plasma form in Blood?

A

The fluid matrix

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4
Q

What is Lymph composed of?

A

Lymphocytes and Lymph fluid

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5
Q

What is the composition of Lymph?

A

It is a dilute solution of proteins end excess interstitial fluid

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6
Q

What are the formed Elements of blood?

A

Red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells

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7
Q

What is found in the Plasma of the blood?

A

Fluids, solutes and proteins

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8
Q

What is the Main function of Blood?

A

It is a transport system for Nutrients, Hormones, Gasses and Waste

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9
Q

Where does Blood Primarily carry metabolic waste to?

A

To the kidneys for excretion

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10
Q

How does Blood work with the immune system?

A

It transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease

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11
Q

What is the average volume of the blood in the body in males and females?

A
  • 5-6L in males

* 4-5L in females

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12
Q

What is the Average pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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13
Q

What is the average temperature of blood?

A

38º C

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14
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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15
Q

how much of blood is Leukocytes and Platelets?

A

<1%

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16
Q

How much of the blood is Erythrocytes?

A

45% of total blood

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17
Q

What does Hypovolemic and Hypervolemic mean?

A

Too little fluid and too much fluid

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18
Q

What is contained in the Plasma?

A
  • Proteins
  • Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca)
  • Glucose
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19
Q

What is Bilirubin?

A

The breakdown molecules of Red Blood cells found in Plasma

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20
Q

What do Red Blood Cells carry?

A

O2 and CO2

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21
Q

What do Platelets help with?

A

Clotting

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22
Q

What are the types of White Blood Cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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22
Q

What are the types of White Blood Cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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23
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

Destroy bacteria

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24
Q

What do Eosinophils associated with?

A

Allergic reactions and Anti-parasitic reactions

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25
Q

What are Basophils associated with?

A

The inflammatory response

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26
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A

Become Macrophages

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27
Q

What are Lymphocytes associated with?

A

The immune response

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28
Q

What is the shape of Red Blood Cells?

A

Biconcave disc-shaped cells

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29
Q

What does the Plasma membrane of white blood cells surround?

A

Cytoplasm containing water (66%) and proteins (33%)

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30
Q

What are Platelets formed from?

A

Large stem cells and megakaryocytes

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31
Q

Where are Platelets formed?

A

In the Red bone marrow and lung

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32
Q

How long do RBCs last?

A

120 days

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33
Q

Through what channels does blood flow away from the heart?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, and Capillaries

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34
Q

Through what channels does blood flow into the heart?

A

Veins, Venules and Capillaries

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35
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels from outside to inside?

A

Adventitia, Media, Intima

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36
Q

What is the Adventitia composed of?

A

Connective tissue

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37
Q

What does the Adventitia do?

A

Attaches the vessel to surrounding connective tissue

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38
Q

What is the Media composed of?

A

Elastic fibers and smooth muscle

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39
Q

What is the Intima composed of?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of connective tissue

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40
Q

What is the Largest layer in arteries?

A

The Media

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41
Q

What is the largest layer in veins?

A

Adventitia

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42
Q

Why is muscle very important in arteries?

A

For strength of the artery due to high blood pressure in the first large vessels and for vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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43
Q

What is the difference in dilation between arteries and veins?

A

Veins are usually more dilated than arteries

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44
Q

Where are the elastic layers in blood vessels found?

A

In the media

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45
Q

What vessels are blood sent to from the heart?

A

Elastic Conducting Arteries

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46
Q

Which Arteries have the largest Diameter?

A

Elastic Conducting Arteries

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47
Q

What are the Characteristics of the Media of the Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?

A

The Media contains a high density of elastic fibers and not so much smooth muscle

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48
Q

What is the function of Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?

A

Stretch and recoil in response to pumping of the heart and even out pressure surges

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49
Q

What arteries are a step down from Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?

A

Muscular (Distributing) Arteries

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50
Q

What size are Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?

A

Medium-sized

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51
Q

What is the function of Muscular Distributing Arteries?

A

Distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

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52
Q

What is the composition of the media of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?

A

The media contain predominantly smooth muscle

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53
Q

What does the muscle of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries allow for?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries

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54
Q

What are the Smallest Arteries?

A

Arterioles

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55
Q

What is the composition of the Adventitia of Arterioles?

A

The Adventitia is poorly defined

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56
Q

What is the Media of Arterioles composed of?

A

Scattered smooth muscle cells

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57
Q

What is the function of Arterioles?

A

Deliver blood to capillaries

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58
Q

How do Arterioles regulate blood pressure and temperature?

A

By changing their luminal diameter and constricting blood vessels in the skin

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59
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

Capillaries

60
Q

What do Capillaries connect?

A

Arterioles to Venules

61
Q

What layers do Capillaries have?

A

Endothelium and a basement membrane

62
Q

What do Capillaries mediate?

A

Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues

63
Q

What is the tube of Capillaries made of?

A

Endothelial cells

64
Q

How do Capillaries mediate exchange?

A

Through diffusion, active transport, gaps between cells or holes in cells (fenestrations)

65
Q

What are Continuous cappilaries?

A

Capillaries with no gaps usually found in muscle

66
Q

What are Fenestrations?

A

Holes in the capillary cells found in the Kidneys

67
Q

What do Discontinuous cells have?

A

Gaps in the cells usually found in the liver

68
Q

What are Sinusoids?

A

Expanded capillaries in the liver spleen and bone marrow that are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane

69
Q

What controls blood flow in Capillaries?

A

Precapillary sphincters

70
Q

What do Metarterioles do?

A

Connect arterioles to capillaries

71
Q

What occurs when sphincters are closed in capillaries?

A

Blood is shunted to venules via thoroughfare channels bypassing capillary bed

72
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart

73
Q

How much of the blood in the body do veins contain?

A

65-70% of the blood in the body

74
Q

Why do veins act as more of a blood reserve?

A

Because they have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries

75
Q

What are the characteristics of the media and adventitia in Medium and Large Veins?

A

They have a slender media and the thickest layer is the adventitia

76
Q

Where do Venules collect Blood from?

A

Capillaries

77
Q

What is the wall of Venules primarily composed of?

A

Intima

78
Q

What is the main difference between the Venous system and the Arteriole system?

A

The venous system has valves ant the arteriole system does not

79
Q

Why does the Arteriole system not need valves?

A

Because blood pressure allows it to keep flowing

80
Q

What do Valves in veins do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood in arms and legs

81
Q

What also helps to maintain blood flow in legs?

A

Venous compression caused by adjacent smooth muscles

82
Q

What vessels come off of the Arch of the Aorta?

A
  • Brachiocephalic artery
  • Subclavian artery
  • The left common carotid artery
83
Q

What comes of the Descending Aorta?

A

The Posterior Intercostal Arteries

84
Q

What do the Posterior Intercostal Arteries supply?

A

The Thoracic Wall and intercostal muscles along the skin

85
Q

Where do Posterior Intercostal Arteries run?

A

Under the ribs

86
Q

Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries wrap around?

A

All around the ribcage

87
Q

Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries branch off from?

A

The Subclavian artery which branches into the Internal Mammary Arteries arteries to produce the Anterior Intercostal Arteries

88
Q

What is interesting about the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries?

A

They anastomose with each other

89
Q

Why do the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries anastomose?

A

To provide a backup blood supply

90
Q

What are the two blood vessels that go to the head?

A

The right and left common carotid artery

91
Q

What does the Right Carotid Artery come off of?

A

The Brachiocephalic trunk

92
Q

What does the Left common Carotid Artery come off of?

A

The Arch of the Aorta

93
Q

At what point do the Left and right common carotid arteries divide?

A

About C3

94
Q

What do the Common Carotid Arteries divide into when they get to about C3?

A

Internal and External Carotid Arteries

95
Q

What does the External Carotid Artery mainly supply?

A

The Neck and Face

96
Q

What does the Internal Carotid Artery mainly supply?

A

The primary blood supply to the brain

97
Q

Where are the Carotid Sinuses located?

A

At the base of the Internal Carotid Arteries

98
Q

What do the Carotid Sinuses contain?

A

Baroreceptors that measure blood pressure

99
Q

Aside from the Carotid Arteries, what are the other important vessels that supply the brain?

A

The Vertebral Arteries

100
Q

What are the Vertebral arteries branches of?

A

The Subclavian

101
Q

Where do the Vertebral Arteries travel?

A

Up the vertebral column and through the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebral column and through the foramen magnum to supply the posterior part of the brain

102
Q

What are the two other names for the Subclavian artery that changes as it move down?

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
103
Q

Where does the Subclavian Artery emerge from on the left and right side?

A

It emerges from the Aorta on the left and emerges from the Brachiocephalic artery on the right

104
Q

Where does the Axillary (previously subclavian artery) nerve pass through?

A

Passes through the armpit (axilla)

105
Q

Where does the Brachial Artery (Previously Subclavian and Axillary) pass through ?

A

Travels through upper limb until it branches into radial and ulnar arteries

106
Q

What does the Descending Aorta divide into?

A

Left and Right common Iliac Arteries

107
Q

Where do Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries come from?

A

The Descending Aorta

108
Q

What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?

A

External and Internal Iliac Arteries

109
Q

What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?

A

External and Internal Iliac Arteries

110
Q

Where do the External and Internal Iliac arteries come from?

A

The Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries

111
Q

What do the Internal Iliac arteries supply?

A

Pelvic Viscera

112
Q

Which Branch of the Descending Aorta is the main supply to the Lower Limbs?

A

The External Iliac artery that comes from the Common Iliac Arteries

113
Q

What does the Left External Iliac Artery change names to after going to the Lower Limbs past the Inguinal ligament?

A

The Femoral Artery

114
Q

Which vessels bring blood into the heart?

A

The Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

115
Q

Which veins bring blood to the Superior Vena Cava?

A

The Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins

116
Q

Which parts of the body do the Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins bring blood from?

A

The Head and Upper limbs

117
Q

What are the big veins bringing blood from the brain?

A

The right and Left internal jugular veins

118
Q

Which vessels bring Deoxygenated blood from the brain?

A

Internal jugular veins

119
Q

Which veins drain the kidney?

A

Renal Veins

120
Q

Where do Renal Veins come off of?

A

The Inferior Vena Cava

121
Q

Where is all blood returning from the Abdominal GI system directed to?

A

The hepatic portal vein

122
Q

What does the Hepatic Portal Vein do?

A

It collects blood from the GI system and distributes it to the liver for processing before blood can go into general circulation

123
Q

What does the Lymphatic system collect?

A

Extra interstitial fluid and bring it back into the blood

124
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
  • Assists with maintain normal blood volume
  • Alternate route for transport of hormones nutrients and metabolic waste
125
Q

How does the Lymphatic System function in the Immune response?

A

It produces, maintains and distributes lymphocytes

126
Q

How does the Lymphatic system assist with maintaining normal blood volume?

A
  • Vascular pressure forces water and solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space
  • Returns fluid to vasculature
127
Q

How does the Lymphatic system function as transport?

A

It functions as an alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste

128
Q

How do Lipids from the digestive tract enter the bloodstream?

A

They enter via lymph rather than via capillaries of the vasculature

129
Q

What are Lymphatic Vessels?

A

Thin vessels that transport lymph, eventually returning it to blood

130
Q

What are Lymphatic organs?

A

Organs where lymphocytes differentiate or reside that are enclosed by a fibrous capsule

131
Q

What are the 4 Lymphatic organs?

A
  • Bone Marrow
  • Thymus
  • Nodes
  • Spleen
132
Q

What is Lymphatic Tissue?

A

Connective tissue networks containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes with no capsule around it

133
Q

What are examples of Lymphatic Tissue?

A

Tonsils and Lining of Appendix

134
Q

Why can’t fluid leak back out of Lymphatic Vessels?

A

Because they have one way valves

135
Q

Where do the Lymphatic ducts empty into?

A

Large Thoracic Veins

136
Q

Where does the Right Thoracic Duct collect fluid?

A

From the right upper half of the body

137
Q

Which part of the body of Thoracic Duct drain?

A

Everywhere but the top right side of the body

138
Q

What do T cells do?

A

They identify foreign bodies in the Thymus

139
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

140
Q

What do Primary Lymphatic Organs do?

A

Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes and contain stem cells that generate B, T, and NK cells

141
Q

What are examples of Primary Lymphatic Organs?

A

Bone marrow and Thymus gland

142
Q

What do Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic organs do?

A

They are the site of most immune response initiation by activating lymphocytes to divide to produce additional lymphocyte of the first type and they are where bacteria is first encountered

143
Q

What are examples of Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic Organs?

A

Spleen and Lymph nodes

144
Q

What is the source of T Lymphocytes?

A

The Thymus gland

145
Q

What is the Largest Lymphoid organ?

A

The spleen

146
Q

What does the Spleen do?

A
  • Filters blood by removing abnormal blood cells
  • Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
  • Initiation immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
147
Q

Which organ removes RBCs?

A

The Spleen

148
Q

What do the Lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph and remove antigens

Anat (26 decks)

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