Lecture 15: Blood and Lymph Systems Flashcards
What kind of Connective Tissue is Blood and Lymph?
Fluid Connective Tissue
What is Blood composed of?
Formed elements and Plasma
What does the Plasma form in Blood?
The fluid matrix
What is Lymph composed of?
Lymphocytes and Lymph fluid
What is the composition of Lymph?
It is a dilute solution of proteins end excess interstitial fluid
What are the formed Elements of blood?
Red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
What is found in the Plasma of the blood?
Fluids, solutes and proteins
What is the Main function of Blood?
It is a transport system for Nutrients, Hormones, Gasses and Waste
Where does Blood Primarily carry metabolic waste to?
To the kidneys for excretion
How does Blood work with the immune system?
It transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease
What is the average volume of the blood in the body in males and females?
- 5-6L in males
* 4-5L in females
What is the Average pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the average temperature of blood?
38º C
How much of blood is plasma?
55%
how much of blood is Leukocytes and Platelets?
<1%
How much of the blood is Erythrocytes?
45% of total blood
What does Hypovolemic and Hypervolemic mean?
Too little fluid and too much fluid
What is contained in the Plasma?
- Proteins
- Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca)
- Glucose
What is Bilirubin?
The breakdown molecules of Red Blood cells found in Plasma
What do Red Blood Cells carry?
O2 and CO2
What do Platelets help with?
Clotting
What are the types of White Blood Cells?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
What are the types of White Blood Cells?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
What do Neutrophils do?
Destroy bacteria
What do Eosinophils associated with?
Allergic reactions and Anti-parasitic reactions
What are Basophils associated with?
The inflammatory response
What do Monocytes do?
Become Macrophages
What are Lymphocytes associated with?
The immune response
What is the shape of Red Blood Cells?
Biconcave disc-shaped cells
What does the Plasma membrane of white blood cells surround?
Cytoplasm containing water (66%) and proteins (33%)
What are Platelets formed from?
Large stem cells and megakaryocytes
Where are Platelets formed?
In the Red bone marrow and lung
How long do RBCs last?
120 days
Through what channels does blood flow away from the heart?
Arteries, Arterioles, and Capillaries
Through what channels does blood flow into the heart?
Veins, Venules and Capillaries
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels from outside to inside?
Adventitia, Media, Intima
What is the Adventitia composed of?
Connective tissue
What does the Adventitia do?
Attaches the vessel to surrounding connective tissue
What is the Media composed of?
Elastic fibers and smooth muscle
What is the Intima composed of?
Simple Squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of connective tissue
What is the Largest layer in arteries?
The Media
What is the largest layer in veins?
Adventitia
Why is muscle very important in arteries?
For strength of the artery due to high blood pressure in the first large vessels and for vasodilation and vasoconstriction
What is the difference in dilation between arteries and veins?
Veins are usually more dilated than arteries
Where are the elastic layers in blood vessels found?
In the media
What vessels are blood sent to from the heart?
Elastic Conducting Arteries
Which Arteries have the largest Diameter?
Elastic Conducting Arteries
What are the Characteristics of the Media of the Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
The Media contains a high density of elastic fibers and not so much smooth muscle
What is the function of Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
Stretch and recoil in response to pumping of the heart and even out pressure surges
What arteries are a step down from Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
What size are Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?
Medium-sized
What is the function of Muscular Distributing Arteries?
Distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
What is the composition of the media of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?
The media contain predominantly smooth muscle
What does the muscle of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries allow for?
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries
What are the Smallest Arteries?
Arterioles
What is the composition of the Adventitia of Arterioles?
The Adventitia is poorly defined
What is the Media of Arterioles composed of?
Scattered smooth muscle cells
What is the function of Arterioles?
Deliver blood to capillaries
How do Arterioles regulate blood pressure and temperature?
By changing their luminal diameter and constricting blood vessels in the skin
What are the smallest blood vessels?
Capillaries
What do Capillaries connect?
Arterioles to Venules
What layers do Capillaries have?
Endothelium and a basement membrane
What do Capillaries mediate?
Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
What is the tube of Capillaries made of?
Endothelial cells
How do Capillaries mediate exchange?
Through diffusion, active transport, gaps between cells or holes in cells (fenestrations)
What are Continuous cappilaries?
Capillaries with no gaps usually found in muscle
What are Fenestrations?
Holes in the capillary cells found in the Kidneys
What do Discontinuous cells have?
Gaps in the cells usually found in the liver
What are Sinusoids?
Expanded capillaries in the liver spleen and bone marrow that are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
What controls blood flow in Capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters
What do Metarterioles do?
Connect arterioles to capillaries
What occurs when sphincters are closed in capillaries?
Blood is shunted to venules via thoroughfare channels bypassing capillary bed
What is the function of veins?
Collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart
How much of the blood in the body do veins contain?
65-70% of the blood in the body
Why do veins act as more of a blood reserve?
Because they have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries
What are the characteristics of the media and adventitia in Medium and Large Veins?
They have a slender media and the thickest layer is the adventitia
Where do Venules collect Blood from?
Capillaries
What is the wall of Venules primarily composed of?
Intima
What is the main difference between the Venous system and the Arteriole system?
The venous system has valves ant the arteriole system does not
Why does the Arteriole system not need valves?
Because blood pressure allows it to keep flowing
What do Valves in veins do?
Prevent the backflow of blood in arms and legs
What also helps to maintain blood flow in legs?
Venous compression caused by adjacent smooth muscles
What vessels come off of the Arch of the Aorta?
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Subclavian artery
- The left common carotid artery
What comes of the Descending Aorta?
The Posterior Intercostal Arteries
What do the Posterior Intercostal Arteries supply?
The Thoracic Wall and intercostal muscles along the skin
Where do Posterior Intercostal Arteries run?
Under the ribs
Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries wrap around?
All around the ribcage
Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries branch off from?
The Subclavian artery which branches into the Internal Mammary Arteries arteries to produce the Anterior Intercostal Arteries
What is interesting about the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries?
They anastomose with each other
Why do the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries anastomose?
To provide a backup blood supply
What are the two blood vessels that go to the head?
The right and left common carotid artery
What does the Right Carotid Artery come off of?
The Brachiocephalic trunk
What does the Left common Carotid Artery come off of?
The Arch of the Aorta
At what point do the Left and right common carotid arteries divide?
About C3
What do the Common Carotid Arteries divide into when they get to about C3?
Internal and External Carotid Arteries
What does the External Carotid Artery mainly supply?
The Neck and Face
What does the Internal Carotid Artery mainly supply?
The primary blood supply to the brain
Where are the Carotid Sinuses located?
At the base of the Internal Carotid Arteries
What do the Carotid Sinuses contain?
Baroreceptors that measure blood pressure
Aside from the Carotid Arteries, what are the other important vessels that supply the brain?
The Vertebral Arteries
What are the Vertebral arteries branches of?
The Subclavian
Where do the Vertebral Arteries travel?
Up the vertebral column and through the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebral column and through the foramen magnum to supply the posterior part of the brain
What are the two other names for the Subclavian artery that changes as it move down?
- Subclavian
- Axillary
- Brachial
Where does the Subclavian Artery emerge from on the left and right side?
It emerges from the Aorta on the left and emerges from the Brachiocephalic artery on the right
Where does the Axillary (previously subclavian artery) nerve pass through?
Passes through the armpit (axilla)
Where does the Brachial Artery (Previously Subclavian and Axillary) pass through ?
Travels through upper limb until it branches into radial and ulnar arteries
What does the Descending Aorta divide into?
Left and Right common Iliac Arteries
Where do Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries come from?
The Descending Aorta
What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?
External and Internal Iliac Arteries
What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?
External and Internal Iliac Arteries
Where do the External and Internal Iliac arteries come from?
The Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries
What do the Internal Iliac arteries supply?
Pelvic Viscera
Which Branch of the Descending Aorta is the main supply to the Lower Limbs?
The External Iliac artery that comes from the Common Iliac Arteries
What does the Left External Iliac Artery change names to after going to the Lower Limbs past the Inguinal ligament?
The Femoral Artery
Which vessels bring blood into the heart?
The Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Which veins bring blood to the Superior Vena Cava?
The Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins
Which parts of the body do the Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins bring blood from?
The Head and Upper limbs
What are the big veins bringing blood from the brain?
The right and Left internal jugular veins
Which vessels bring Deoxygenated blood from the brain?
Internal jugular veins
Which veins drain the kidney?
Renal Veins
Where do Renal Veins come off of?
The Inferior Vena Cava
Where is all blood returning from the Abdominal GI system directed to?
The hepatic portal vein
What does the Hepatic Portal Vein do?
It collects blood from the GI system and distributes it to the liver for processing before blood can go into general circulation
What does the Lymphatic system collect?
Extra interstitial fluid and bring it back into the blood
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
- Assists with maintain normal blood volume
- Alternate route for transport of hormones nutrients and metabolic waste
How does the Lymphatic System function in the Immune response?
It produces, maintains and distributes lymphocytes
How does the Lymphatic system assist with maintaining normal blood volume?
- Vascular pressure forces water and solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space
- Returns fluid to vasculature
How does the Lymphatic system function as transport?
It functions as an alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste
How do Lipids from the digestive tract enter the bloodstream?
They enter via lymph rather than via capillaries of the vasculature
What are Lymphatic Vessels?
Thin vessels that transport lymph, eventually returning it to blood
What are Lymphatic organs?
Organs where lymphocytes differentiate or reside that are enclosed by a fibrous capsule
What are the 4 Lymphatic organs?
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
- Nodes
- Spleen
What is Lymphatic Tissue?
Connective tissue networks containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes with no capsule around it
What are examples of Lymphatic Tissue?
Tonsils and Lining of Appendix
Why can’t fluid leak back out of Lymphatic Vessels?
Because they have one way valves
Where do the Lymphatic ducts empty into?
Large Thoracic Veins
Where does the Right Thoracic Duct collect fluid?
From the right upper half of the body
Which part of the body of Thoracic Duct drain?
Everywhere but the top right side of the body
What do T cells do?
They identify foreign bodies in the Thymus
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies
What do Primary Lymphatic Organs do?
Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes and contain stem cells that generate B, T, and NK cells
What are examples of Primary Lymphatic Organs?
Bone marrow and Thymus gland
What do Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic organs do?
They are the site of most immune response initiation by activating lymphocytes to divide to produce additional lymphocyte of the first type and they are where bacteria is first encountered
What are examples of Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic Organs?
Spleen and Lymph nodes
What is the source of T Lymphocytes?
The Thymus gland
What is the Largest Lymphoid organ?
The spleen
What does the Spleen do?
- Filters blood by removing abnormal blood cells
- Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
- Initiation immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
Which organ removes RBCs?
The Spleen
What do the Lymph nodes do?
Filter lymph and remove antigens
