Lecture 15: Blood and Lymph Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of Connective Tissue is Blood and Lymph?
A
Fluid Connective Tissue
2
Q
What is Blood composed of?
A
Formed elements and Plasma
3
Q
What does the Plasma form in Blood?
A
The fluid matrix
4
Q
What is Lymph composed of?
A
Lymphocytes and Lymph fluid
5
Q
What is the composition of Lymph?
A
It is a dilute solution of proteins end excess interstitial fluid
6
Q
What are the formed Elements of blood?
A
Red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
7
Q
What is found in the Plasma of the blood?
A
Fluids, solutes and proteins
8
Q
What is the Main function of Blood?
A
It is a transport system for Nutrients, Hormones, Gasses and Waste
9
Q
Where does Blood Primarily carry metabolic waste to?
A
To the kidneys for excretion
10
Q
How does Blood work with the immune system?
A
It transports cells of the immune system that provide protection against infection and disease
11
Q
What is the average volume of the blood in the body in males and females?
A
- 5-6L in males
* 4-5L in females
12
Q
What is the Average pH of blood?
A
7.35 - 7.45
13
Q
What is the average temperature of blood?
A
38º C
14
Q
How much of blood is plasma?
A
55%
15
Q
how much of blood is Leukocytes and Platelets?
A
<1%
16
Q
How much of the blood is Erythrocytes?
A
45% of total blood
17
Q
What does Hypovolemic and Hypervolemic mean?
A
Too little fluid and too much fluid
18
Q
What is contained in the Plasma?
A
- Proteins
- Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca)
- Glucose
19
Q
What is Bilirubin?
A
The breakdown molecules of Red Blood cells found in Plasma
20
Q
What do Red Blood Cells carry?
A
O2 and CO2
21
Q
What do Platelets help with?
A
Clotting
22
Q
What are the types of White Blood Cells?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
22
Q
What are the types of White Blood Cells?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
23
Q
What do Neutrophils do?
A
Destroy bacteria
24
What do Eosinophils associated with?
Allergic reactions and Anti-parasitic reactions
25
What are Basophils associated with?
The inflammatory response
26
What do Monocytes do?
Become Macrophages
27
What are Lymphocytes associated with?
The immune response
28
What is the shape of Red Blood Cells?
Biconcave disc-shaped cells
29
What does the Plasma membrane of white blood cells surround?
Cytoplasm containing water (66%) and proteins (33%)
30
What are Platelets formed from?
Large stem cells and megakaryocytes
31
Where are Platelets formed?
In the Red bone marrow and lung
32
How long do RBCs last?
120 days
33
Through what channels does blood flow away from the heart?
Arteries, Arterioles, and Capillaries
34
Through what channels does blood flow into the heart?
Veins, Venules and Capillaries
35
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels from outside to inside?
Adventitia, Media, Intima
36
What is the Adventitia composed of?
Connective tissue
37
What does the Adventitia do?
Attaches the vessel to surrounding connective tissue
38
What is the Media composed of?
Elastic fibers and smooth muscle
39
What is the Intima composed of?
Simple Squamous epithelium (endothelium) and a thin layer of connective tissue
40
What is the Largest layer in arteries?
The Media
41
What is the largest layer in veins?
Adventitia
42
Why is muscle very important in arteries?
For strength of the artery due to high blood pressure in the first large vessels and for vasodilation and vasoconstriction
43
What is the difference in dilation between arteries and veins?
Veins are usually more dilated than arteries
44
Where are the elastic layers in blood vessels found?
In the media
45
What vessels are blood sent to from the heart?
Elastic Conducting Arteries
46
Which Arteries have the largest Diameter?
Elastic Conducting Arteries
47
What are the Characteristics of the Media of the Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
The Media contains a high density of elastic fibers and not so much smooth muscle
48
What is the function of Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
Stretch and recoil in response to pumping of the heart and even out pressure surges
49
What arteries are a step down from Elastic (Conducting) Arteries?
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
50
What size are Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?
Medium-sized
51
What is the function of Muscular Distributing Arteries?
Distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
52
What is the composition of the media of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries?
The media contain predominantly smooth muscle
53
What does the muscle of Muscular (Distributing) Arteries allow for?
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries
54
What are the Smallest Arteries?
Arterioles
55
What is the composition of the Adventitia of Arterioles?
The Adventitia is poorly defined
56
What is the Media of Arterioles composed of?
Scattered smooth muscle cells
57
What is the function of Arterioles?
Deliver blood to capillaries
58
How do Arterioles regulate blood pressure and temperature?
By changing their luminal diameter and constricting blood vessels in the skin
59
What are the smallest blood vessels?
Capillaries
60
What do Capillaries connect?
Arterioles to Venules
61
What layers do Capillaries have?
Endothelium and a basement membrane
62
What do Capillaries mediate?
Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
63
What is the tube of Capillaries made of?
Endothelial cells
64
How do Capillaries mediate exchange?
Through diffusion, active transport, gaps between cells or holes in cells (fenestrations)
65
What are Continuous cappilaries?
Capillaries with no gaps usually found in muscle
66
What are Fenestrations?
Holes in the capillary cells found in the Kidneys
67
What do Discontinuous cells have?
Gaps in the cells usually found in the liver
68
What are Sinusoids?
Expanded capillaries in the liver spleen and bone marrow that are fenestrated, discontinuous and have an incomplete basement membrane
69
What controls blood flow in Capillaries?
Precapillary sphincters
70
What do Metarterioles do?
Connect arterioles to capillaries
71
What occurs when sphincters are closed in capillaries?
Blood is shunted to venules via thoroughfare channels bypassing capillary bed
72
What is the function of veins?
Collect blood from organs and tissues and return it to the heart
73
How much of the blood in the body do veins contain?
65-70% of the blood in the body
74
Why do veins act as more of a blood reserve?
Because they have a larger capacity to stretch than arteries
75
What are the characteristics of the media and adventitia in Medium and Large Veins?
They have a slender media and the thickest layer is the adventitia
76
Where do Venules collect Blood from?
Capillaries
77
What is the wall of Venules primarily composed of?
Intima
78
What is the main difference between the Venous system and the Arteriole system?
The venous system has valves ant the arteriole system does not
79
Why does the Arteriole system not need valves?
Because blood pressure allows it to keep flowing
80
What do Valves in veins do?
Prevent the backflow of blood in arms and legs
81
What also helps to maintain blood flow in legs?
Venous compression caused by adjacent smooth muscles
82
What vessels come off of the Arch of the Aorta?
* Brachiocephalic artery
* Subclavian artery
* The left common carotid artery
83
What comes of the Descending Aorta?
The Posterior Intercostal Arteries
84
What do the Posterior Intercostal Arteries supply?
The Thoracic Wall and intercostal muscles along the skin
85
Where do Posterior Intercostal Arteries run?
Under the ribs
86
Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries wrap around?
All around the ribcage
87
Where do the Anterior Intercostal Arteries branch off from?
The Subclavian artery which branches into the Internal Mammary Arteries arteries to produce the Anterior Intercostal Arteries
88
What is interesting about the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries?
They anastomose with each other
89
Why do the Anterior and Interior Intercostal Arteries anastomose?
To provide a backup blood supply
90
What are the two blood vessels that go to the head?
The right and left common carotid artery
91
What does the Right Carotid Artery come off of?
The Brachiocephalic trunk
92
What does the Left common Carotid Artery come off of?
The Arch of the Aorta
93
At what point do the Left and right common carotid arteries divide?
About C3
94
What do the Common Carotid Arteries divide into when they get to about C3?
Internal and External Carotid Arteries
95
What does the External Carotid Artery mainly supply?
The Neck and Face
96
What does the Internal Carotid Artery mainly supply?
The primary blood supply to the brain
97
Where are the Carotid Sinuses located?
At the base of the Internal Carotid Arteries
98
What do the Carotid Sinuses contain?
Baroreceptors that measure blood pressure
99
Aside from the Carotid Arteries, what are the other important vessels that supply the brain?
The Vertebral Arteries
100
What are the Vertebral arteries branches of?
The Subclavian
101
Where do the Vertebral Arteries travel?
Up the vertebral column and through the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebral column and through the foramen magnum to supply the posterior part of the brain
102
What are the two other names for the Subclavian artery that changes as it move down?
* Subclavian
* Axillary
* Brachial
103
Where does the Subclavian Artery emerge from on the left and right side?
It emerges from the Aorta on the left and emerges from the Brachiocephalic artery on the right
104
Where does the Axillary (previously subclavian artery) nerve pass through?
Passes through the armpit (axilla)
105
Where does the Brachial Artery (Previously Subclavian and Axillary) pass through ?
Travels through upper limb until it branches into radial and ulnar arteries
106
What does the Descending Aorta divide into?
Left and Right common Iliac Arteries
107
Where do Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries come from?
The Descending Aorta
108
What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?
External and Internal Iliac Arteries
109
What do the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries divide into?
External and Internal Iliac Arteries
110
Where do the External and Internal Iliac arteries come from?
The Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries
111
What do the Internal Iliac arteries supply?
Pelvic Viscera
112
Which Branch of the Descending Aorta is the main supply to the Lower Limbs?
The External Iliac artery that comes from the Common Iliac Arteries
113
What does the Left External Iliac Artery change names to after going to the Lower Limbs past the Inguinal ligament?
The Femoral Artery
114
Which vessels bring blood into the heart?
The Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
115
Which veins bring blood to the Superior Vena Cava?
The Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins
116
Which parts of the body do the Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins bring blood from?
The Head and Upper limbs
117
What are the big veins bringing blood from the brain?
The right and Left internal jugular veins
118
Which vessels bring Deoxygenated blood from the brain?
Internal jugular veins
119
Which veins drain the kidney?
Renal Veins
120
Where do Renal Veins come off of?
The Inferior Vena Cava
121
Where is all blood returning from the Abdominal GI system directed to?
The hepatic portal vein
122
What does the Hepatic Portal Vein do?
It collects blood from the GI system and distributes it to the liver for processing before blood can go into general circulation
123
What does the Lymphatic system collect?
Extra interstitial fluid and bring it back into the blood
124
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
* Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
* Assists with maintain normal blood volume
* Alternate route for transport of hormones nutrients and metabolic waste
125
How does the Lymphatic System function in the Immune response?
It produces, maintains and distributes lymphocytes
126
How does the Lymphatic system assist with maintaining normal blood volume?
* Vascular pressure forces water and solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space
* Returns fluid to vasculature
127
How does the Lymphatic system function as transport?
It functions as an alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste
128
How do Lipids from the digestive tract enter the bloodstream?
They enter via lymph rather than via capillaries of the vasculature
129
What are Lymphatic Vessels?
Thin vessels that transport lymph, eventually returning it to blood
130
What are Lymphatic organs?
Organs where lymphocytes differentiate or reside that are enclosed by a fibrous capsule
131
What are the 4 Lymphatic organs?
* Bone Marrow
* Thymus
* Nodes
* Spleen
132
What is Lymphatic Tissue?
Connective tissue networks containing dense aggregates of lymphocytes with no capsule around it
133
What are examples of Lymphatic Tissue?
Tonsils and Lining of Appendix
134
Why can't fluid leak back out of Lymphatic Vessels?
Because they have one way valves
135
Where do the Lymphatic ducts empty into?
Large Thoracic Veins
136
Where does the Right Thoracic Duct collect fluid?
From the right upper half of the body
137
Which part of the body of Thoracic Duct drain?
Everywhere but the top right side of the body
138
What do T cells do?
They identify foreign bodies in the Thymus
139
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies
140
What do Primary Lymphatic Organs do?
Produce, maintain and store lymphocytes and contain stem cells that generate B, T, and NK cells
141
What are examples of Primary Lymphatic Organs?
Bone marrow and Thymus gland
142
What do Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic organs do?
They are the site of most immune response initiation by activating lymphocytes to divide to produce additional lymphocyte of the first type and they are where bacteria is first encountered
143
What are examples of Secondary (Peripheral) Lymphatic Organs?
Spleen and Lymph nodes
144
What is the source of T Lymphocytes?
The Thymus gland
145
What is the Largest Lymphoid organ?
The spleen
146
What does the Spleen do?
* Filters blood by removing abnormal blood cells
* Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
* Initiation immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
147
Which organ removes RBCs?
The Spleen
148
What do the Lymph nodes do?
Filter lymph and remove antigens
