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Anat > Lecture 6: Introduction to the Muscular System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Introduction to the Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of Muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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2
Q

What are the 4 Basic properties of muscles?

A
  • Excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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3
Q

What is Excitability?

A

The ability to respond to stimuli

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4
Q

What is Contractibility?

A

Ability to shorten (pull/tension)

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5
Q

What is Extensibility?

A

Ability to contract over different lengths

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6
Q

What is Elasticity?

A

The ability to regain original length after contraction

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7
Q

What are the Major characteristics of Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Somatic structures
  • Innervated by spinal nerves and cranial nerves
  • Contractile organs that attach directly or indirectly to bones in the longitudal axis
  • Their contractions produce motion of the body
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8
Q

What is meant by Skeletal muscles are somatic structures?

A

They are under voluntary control

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9
Q

Which nerves are Skeletal muscles innervated by?

A

Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

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10
Q

Where do Cranial nerves originate from?

A

The brainstem

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11
Q

If a skeletal muscle attaches indirectly to bone what must it connect through?

A

A tendon

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12
Q

What kind of connective tissue are tendons?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the major functions of Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Produce movement at various joints of the skeleton
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • Support soft tissues
  • Regulate entering and exiting of material
  • Maintain body temperature
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14
Q

How does the Skeletal muscle support soft tissues?

A

The Abdominal wall and pelvic floor support viscera

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15
Q

How does skeletal muscle regulate entering and exiting of material?

A

Sphincters in digestive and urinary systems

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16
Q

What does EVERY organ always have?

A

All 4 basic tissues

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17
Q

What is one muscle going to be wrapped in?

A

Connective tissue called Epimysium

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18
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

The connective tissue that wraps around one muscle

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19
Q

What separates the different compartments?

A

Fascia

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20
Q

What is the Epimysium continuous with?

A

The Fascia

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21
Q

What are skeletal muscles divided into?

A

Muscle Fascicle

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22
Q

What is a Fascle?

A

A bundle of Muscle cells

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23
Q

What is a Muscle fibre?

A

One nerve cell

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24
Q

How many muscle fibres are in each fasicle?

A

Multiple

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25
Q

What are Fascicles wrapped in?

A

Perimysium

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26
Q

What is every muscle fibre wrapped in?

A

Endomysium

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27
Q

How do a Nerve, arteries and veins enter the muscle?

A

Via the Epimysium

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28
Q

What is 1 axon associated with?

A

1 muscle fibre

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29
Q

Why do each muscle fibres have a lot of capillaries?

A

Because muscles need a lot of oxygen

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30
Q

Where do Capillaries of Skeletal muscle fibres sit?

A

In the Endomysium

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31
Q

What do Skeletal muscles look like?

A
  • They are very long
  • Striated
  • They have multiple nuclei that are never in the middle
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32
Q

Why do Skeletal muscles only have nuclei in the periphery?

A

Because they develop from many myoblasts that form one muscle fibre

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33
Q

What are Myosatellite cell?

A

Skeletal fibre stem cells that remain stem cells into adulthood to repair damaged tissue

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34
Q

Where are Myosatellite cells found?

A

In the Endomysium of muscle fibres

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35
Q

What is the length of muscle fibres?

A

They are the entire length of muscles themselves

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36
Q

Where do we have all the contrile elements?

A

In the myofibrils

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37
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Proteins that are thick and thin

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38
Q

What are the length of Myofibrils?

A

Every myofibril is the length of the muscle fibre

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39
Q

What is the Plasma membrane of muscle fibres known as?

A

Sarcolemma

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40
Q

What is the Cytoplasm of the muscle fibres known as?

A

Sarcoplasm

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41
Q

What is found within each muscle fibre?

A

Myofibrils

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42
Q

What is each myofibril wrapped in?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

What is stored in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium ions

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44
Q

What are Transverse tubules?

A

Wrapping of a myofibril that conducts electrical impulses for a muscle fibre contraction

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45
Q

Where are Mitochondria and Glycogen granules found around the skeletal muscles?

A

Around myofibrils

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46
Q

What are both needed for the energy of contraction of muscle fibres?

A

Mitochondria and glycogen granules

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47
Q

What is the only thing were going to have multiple of the length of the Myofibril?

A

Sarcomeres (10000 per myofibril)

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48
Q

What is the Basic contractile unit of Skeletal muscles?

A

Sarcomeres

49
Q

What are the boundaries of the Sarcomere?

A

Z lines

50
Q

What is in the Middle of the sarcomere?

A

The M line

51
Q

What are on the M line?

A

Thick filaments of Myosin

52
Q

What go from the Myosin to the Z line?

A

Titin

53
Q

What does Titin do?

A

Connect myosin to the Z line

54
Q

What are the Thin myofilaments around Myosin?

A

Actin

55
Q

What does the H band contain?

A

Thick filaments only

56
Q

What does the I band contain?

A

Thin filaments only of Actin and Titin

57
Q

What doed I band look like in microscopy?

A

They are lighter

58
Q

What does the A-band contain?

A

Both thick and thin filaments

59
Q

What is in the Zone of overlap?

A

Both thin and Thick filaments

60
Q

What occurs in the zone of overlap?

A

Calcium ions are released

61
Q

How are the length of filaments changed?

A

They never change length they only overlap more or less

62
Q

What is Cross-Bridging?

A

When Myosin heads bind to Actin

63
Q

What is required for Cross bridging to occur?

A
  • Calcium ions

* ATP

64
Q

Where does the Myosin push the actin?

A

Towards to the M line

65
Q

Which band is constant?

A

The A band - the band of thick filaments only

66
Q

How are the I band and H band affected by muscle contraction?

A

They reduce in size

67
Q

When does the actin stop moving towards the M line?

A

When the myosin touches the Z line

68
Q

What are muscle cells innervated by?

A

Motor Neurons and Sensory neurons

69
Q

What does the one neuron Skeletal muscle penetrate?

A

The epimysium, then the perimysium and the one axon will end at the endomysium

70
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Where the axon of the neuron meets the muscle fibre where it releases ACh

71
Q

How does a neuron stimulate a muscle to contract?

A

Contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum changes the membrane potential signaling the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions

72
Q

How is a Muscle Contraction Ended?

A
  • ACh is removes
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures Calcium
  • Active sites covered, no cross bridge interactions
73
Q

How many axons per each muscle fibre?

A

One axon per one muscle fibre

74
Q

How many muscle fibres can a single motor neuron stimulates?

A

Multiple muscle fibres

75
Q

What is a Motor unit?

A

All the muscle fibres controlled by a single motor neuron

76
Q

What does the amount of Contraction depend on?

A

The number of motor units that are stimulated and the frequency that they are stimulated

77
Q

What are small motor units needed for?

A

Very precise movement like eye muscle

78
Q

What are large motor units required for?

A

More Power

79
Q

What is a twitch?

A

When one quick motor unit is stimulated

80
Q

How do muscles avoid Fatigue?

A

They activate the motor units on a rotating basis to avoid fatigue

81
Q

What is Muscle tone?

A

Resting Tension in muscles

82
Q

What is Isotonic contraction?

A

When tension produced is equal or greater than the resistance/load

83
Q

What are the two main types of contraction?

A

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

84
Q

What are the two types of Isotonic Contraction?

A

Concentric and Eccentric

85
Q

What is Concentric contraction?

A

Shortening of an active muscle

86
Q

What is Eccentric contraction?

A

Lengthening of an active muscle

87
Q

What is Isometric contraction?

A

When tension never exceeds the resistance/load and the active muscle does not change length in contraction

88
Q

What are the two types of Skeletal muscles fibres?

A

Type I (Slow) and Type II (Fast)

89
Q

What are the Characteristics of Slow fibers?

A
  • Red due to numerous mitochondria and myoglobin
  • Narrow diameter
  • Takes a long time to contract
  • Less myofibrils
  • Resistant to fatigue but less powerful
  • ATP produced by mitochondria through aerobic metabolism
  • More extensive network of capillaries
  • Associated with leg muscles and posture
90
Q

What are the characteristics of Fast Fibres?

A
  • White because less myoglobin and mitochondria
  • Larger diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserve
  • Few mitochondria
  • Rapid contraction
  • ATP generated by anaerobic glycolysis
  • Associated with eye and hand muscles
91
Q

What are the 4 types of Muscle Organization?

A
  • Parallel muscles
  • Convergent muscles
  • Pennate muscles
  • Circular muscles
92
Q

What is the most common organization of Muscles?

A

Parallel muscles

93
Q

What is the shape of Parallel muscles?

A

Flat or spindle shaped

94
Q

What is the central portion of spindle shaped muscles?

A

The belly

95
Q

What happens during contraction of Parallel muscles?

A

The muscle gets shorter and the belly gets wider

96
Q

How do Parallel muscles exert force?

A

All fascicles pull in the same direction

97
Q

What is the shape of Convergent muscles?

A

Fan shaped

98
Q

Where do convergent muscle originate and converge?

A

The originate over a wide are but converge at a common attachment site

99
Q

How can the direction of the pull change in Convergent muscles?

A

Depending on which fascicles contract

100
Q

Why do Convergent muscles not exert the same amount of force as Parallel muscles?

A

Because not all the muscles pull in the same direction

101
Q

What is the Shape of Pennate muscles?

A

Fan shaped

102
Q

What is the benefit of the feather shaped fibers?

A

The fibers are able to stack more for a more forceful contraction

103
Q

What are the 3 types of Pennate muscles?

A
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate
104
Q

What is unipennate?

A

When muscle fibres are on one side of the tendon

105
Q

What is Bipennate?

A

When muscle fibres are on both sides of the tendon

106
Q

What is Multipennate?

A

When the tendon branches within the muscle

107
Q

What does contraction of circular muscles allow?

A

The diameter of the opening to be reduced

108
Q

What are Skeletal muscle named according to?

A

Structure or shape of the muscle, specific region of the body, attachment sites, relationship to other muscles, action of the muscle

109
Q

Deltoideus

A

Triangulat

110
Q

Maximus

A

Large

111
Q

Brevis

A

Short

112
Q

What is Action?

A

The type of movement (function of muscle)

113
Q

What is Insertion?

A

Muscle attachment to moveable bone

114
Q

What is Origin?

A

Muscle attachment to stationary bone

115
Q

What are the 4 types of primary muscle actions?

A
  • Agonist (Prime mover)
  • Synergist
  • Antagonist
  • Fixators
116
Q

What is Agonist mucle action?

A

Contraction produces a particular movement

117
Q

What is Synergist muscle action?

A

Assists prime mover in performing anaction

118
Q

What is Antagonist muscle action?

A

Opposes the movement

119
Q

What is Fixator muscle action?

A

Agonist and antagonist muscle contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint

Anat (26 decks)

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