Lecture 7: Axial Musculature Flashcards
1
Q
What is Axial Musculature associated with?
A
The Axial Skeleton and posture
2
Q
What is included in the Axial Skeleton?
A
Skull Vertebral column and thoracic cage
3
Q
What is the Appendicular Musculature associated with?
A
The appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles)
4
Q
What are the two main characteristics of Axial Musculature?
A
- Innervation by Cranial Nerves or Spinal Nerves
* Attachments on the axial skeleton, associated organs and or soft tissue
5
Q
Where do Axial musculature attach to?
A
Axial skeleton, associated organs and/or soft tissue
6
Q
What are the major functions of the Axial Musculature?
A
- Vision, hearing, mastication, facial expression and swallowing
- Upright posture and movement of the back
- Support of abdominal and pelvic viscera
- Respiration
- Urination, defecation, parturition
7
Q
What are the four major groups of Axial Muscles?
A
- Head and neck
- Back
- Thorax and Abdomen
- Pelvis and perineum
8
Q
What are the 6 groups of Head and Neck Musculature?
A
- Facial expression
- Extra-ocular muscles
- Muscle of mastication
- Tongue muscles
- Pharyngeal muscles
- Neck muscles
9
Q
What kind of nerves are all the head and neck muscle innervated by?
A
Cranial nerves. All except the Neck muscles
10
Q
Which muscles of the head and neck are not innervated by Cranial nerves?
A
The neck muscles which have a mix of both
11
Q
What are some muscles of Facial Expression?
A
Procerus Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Platysma Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly) Zygomaticus major Buccinator
12
Q
What is the function of the Procerus?
A
- Moves nose
* Draws medial side of eyebrow inferiorly
13
Q
What is the function of the Orbicularis Oculi?
A
Closes eyelids
14
Q
What is the function of the Orbicularis oris?
A
•Purses lips; kissing
15
Q
What is the function of the Platysma?
A
Tenses skin of neck
16
Q
What is the function of the Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)?
A
- Raises eyebrows
* Wrinkles forehead
17
Q
What is the function of the Zygomaticus major?
A
- Elevates corner of the mouth
* Smiling
18
Q
What is the function of the Buccinator?
A
Tenses cheeks; helps with chewing
19
Q
What kind of nerves are the Extraocular muscles innervated by?
A
Cranial Nerves
20
Q
What are the 7 Extraocular muscles?
A
1) Levator palpebrae superioris
2) Superior rectus
3) Inferior Rectus
4) Medial Rectus
5) Lateral Rectus
6) Inferior oblique
7) Superior oblique
21
Q
What is the function of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris?
A
Elevates the eyelid
22
Q
What is the function of the Superior Rectus?
A
Eye looks up
23
Q
What is the function of the Inferior Rectus?
A
Eye looks down
24
Q
What is the function of the Medial Rectus?
A
Eye looks medially
25
What is the function of the Lateral Rectus?
Eye looks laterally
26
What is the function of the Inferior Oblique?
Eye rolls up and laterally
27
What is the function of the Superior oblique?
Eye rolls down and laterally
28
What is different about the Superior Rectus and Inferior Rectus?
They contract slightly medially due to the differential axes of the orbit and the eyeball
29
What are the parts of the Temporomandibular Joint?
Mandibular Fossa - Temporal bone
Articular disc - Articular disc
Mandibular Condyle - Mandible
30
What is the function of the Articular disc in the Temporomandibular joint?
Is cartilage
31
Why is the TMJ known as an ellipsoid joint?
Because it allows modified movement of rotation and translation
32
What is it called when you open and close your mouth?
Depression of the Mandible
| Elevation of the Mandible
33
What occurs in the Mandible during depression (mouth opening)?
Rotation of the condyle in the inferior compartment then translation of the condyle in the superior department
34
What are the 4 muscles of Mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
35
What are the connections of the Temporalis muscle?
Temporal bone to coronoid process to mandible
36
What are the connections of the Masseter muscle?
Zygomatic arch to lateral side of ramus to mandible
37
What are the functions of the Temporalis and Masseter muscle?
They assist with mastication by elevating the mandible when chewing on food
38
What bone is the Pterygoid plate on?
The sphenoid bone
39
Where does the Lateral Pterygoid connect to?
The lateral side of the Pterygoid to mandibular condyle
40
What are the functions of the Lateral Pterygoid?
* Depresses the mandible to open the mouth
| * Can move the mandible side-to-side
41
What are the connections of the Medial Pterygoid?
Medial side of the pterygoid plate to the medial side of mandibular ramus
42
What is the function of the Medial Pterygoid?
* Elevate the mandible when chewing
| * Closes the mouth
43
What kind of nerves are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
Cranial nerves
44
What two muscles in the jaw do the same thing?
* Masseter
| * Medial Pterygoid
45
Which muscles depress the Mandible?
Lateral Pterygoid muscle
46
Which muscles elevate the Mandible?
* Temporalis muscle
* Medial pterygoid muscle
* Masseter muscle
47
What kind of nerves of the Tongue muscles innervated by?
Cranial nerves
48
What are the muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
49
What are the connections of the Palatoglossus?
Palate to Tongue
50
What are the connections of the Styloglossus?
Styloid process to the Tongue
51
What are the connections of the Hyoglossus?
Hyoid bone to tongue
52
What are the connection of the Genioglossus?
Chin to tongue
53
What kind of nerves are the Pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
Cranial nerves
54
What are the 4 Pharyngeal muscles?
* Tensor and levator veli palatini
* Superior pharyngeal constrictor
* Middle Pharyngeal constrictor
* Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
55
What is the function of the Tensor and Levator Veli Palatini?
Tenses and elevates the soft palate
56
What is the function of the Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor?
Constriction of the Pharynx first
57
What is the function of the Middle Pharyngeal constrictor?
Constriction of Pharynx next
58
What is the function of the Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor?
Constriction of pharynx last
59
What are the 3 Superficial Neck muscles?
* Mylohyoid muscle
* Digastric muscle
* Suprahyoid
60
What is the connection of the Mylohyoid muscle?
Mandible to Hyoid
61
What is the function of the Mylohyoid muscle?
Tenses floor of mouth during swallowing
62
What are the connections of the Digastric muscle?
Styloid process to hyoid to mandibel
63
What is the function of a the Digastric muscle?
Assists in depression of mandible to open mouth wide
64
What are the connections of the Suprahyoid muscles?
Skull to hyoid
65
What is the function of the Suprahyoid muscle?
Elevate hyoid and larynx
66
What are the steps in swallowing?
1) contraction of mylohyoid and tongue muscles
2) contraction of tensor and levator veli palatini muscles to block nasal cavity
3) Elevation of larynx by suprahyoid muscles
4) sequential contraction from the top of constrictor muscles to the esophagus
67
What muscles block the nasal cavity?
Tensor and levator veli palatini
68
What blocks the trachea?
The larynx via the suprahyoid muscles
69
What are the Superficial anterior neck muscles?
* Infrahyoid muscles
| * Sternocleidomastoid
70
What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
Pull down hyoid bone and larynx
71
What are the functions of the Sternocleidomastoid?
•Turns head to opposite side of contraction
72
What does contraction of both Sternocleidomastoid muscles do?
Causes flexion of the head
73
Where does the Sternocleidomastoid muscles connect?
Sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid process
74
What are the Deep Anterior Neck muscles?
* Longus capitis
* Longus colli
* Scalene muscles
75
What kind of nerves are the Seep Anterior neck muscles innervated by?
Spinal Nerves (Cervical)
76
What are the function of the Longus Capitis and Longus Colli?
Flexors of neck and head
77
What is the function of the Scalene muscels?
* Lateral flexors of neck
| * Elevators of ribs 1 and 2
78
Where do the Scalene muscles connect?
Transverse processes to rib 1 and 2
79
What kind of nerves are the Posterior and superficial deep muscles innervated by?
Spinal (Cervical) nerves
80
What are the Posterior Superficial and deep muscles?
Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis
Transversospinal group
81
What makes up the is the Erector Spinae?
Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis
82
What does the Longissimus attach to?
Transverse process to transverse process
83
What does the Spinalis attach to?
Spinous process to Spinous process
84
What does the Iliocostalis attach to?
Ribs to ribs from the ilium
85
Where does the Transversospinal group attach?
Transverse to spinous process
86
What is the function of the Extensors of the back?
They are vital to maintain upright posture
87
What is the function of the Posterior Superficial and deep muscles?
They help you to stay upright
88
What is the function of the Quadratus Lumborum?
Lateral flexor of trunk helps with respiration
89
What are the Thoracic muscles known as?
Intercostal muscles
90
What are the 3 layers of Intercostal muscles?
* External
* Internal
* Innermost
91
What do Intercostal muscles attach to?
Rib to Rib
92
Which muscles elevate the ribs during respiration?
External intercostal muscles
93
Which muscles assist during Forced exhalation?
Internal Intercostal muscles
94
What nerves are the Thoracic muscles innervated by?
Spinal (Thoracic) nerves
95
What is the function of the Innermost intercostal muscles?
Separate the thoracic cavity from musculature
96
Which nerves are Abdominal muscles innervated by?
Spinal nerves
97
What are the 4 Layers of Abdominal muscles?
•Rectus Abdominis
•Abdominal mm.
-2 obliques
-1 transverse
98
What is the function of the Rectus abdominis?
Flexor of the trunk
| Can help bring ribs down in respiration
99
What is the function of the 2 Obliques?
Later flexors and rotators of the trunk
100
What can all 4 abdominal mm do?
Increase intra-abdominal pressure by compressing the abdomen
101
What are the 3 holes in the Diaphragm for?
* Inferior Vena Cava
* Esophagus
* Aorta
102
What is the function of the Diaphragm?
* Separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities
| * Respiration
103
What kind of nerve is the Diaphragm innervated by?
Spinal nerves
104
What is the muscle of the Pelvis?
Levator Ani
105
What is the function of the Levator Ani?
* Form the pelvic diaphragm
| * Provide support to pelvic viscera
