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Anat > Lecture 18: GI II > Flashcards

Lecture 18: GI II Flashcards

1
Q

Is the Stomach Intra or Retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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2
Q

Which quadrant is the Stomach in?

A

The LUQ

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3
Q

Which section of the gut is the stomach in?

A

The Foregut

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4
Q

What is the stomach vascularized by?

A

Celiac Trunk

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5
Q

How does the stomach mechanically break down food?

A

Through mixing and churning using contractions of the muscular wall

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6
Q

How does the the stomach chemically and enzymatically digest food?

A

Through actions of secreted acid and enzymes

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7
Q

Where does Chyme form?

A

In the stomach

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8
Q

What is chyme?

A

The mixture of the bolus and gastric juices

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9
Q

Which part of the Stomach does the Esophagus enter?

A

The Cardia

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10
Q

What is the Fundus of the stomach do?

A

Detects when food comes in allowing the rest of the tube in the stomach to know when to secrete enzymes

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11
Q

What is the Pyloric canal continuous with?

A

The duodenum

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12
Q

What does the Pyloric sphincter do?

A

Stops chyme from being released into the Duodenum until its ready

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13
Q

What attaches to the greater and lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

The greater omentum and the lesser omentum

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14
Q

What is the less general name for the greater and lesser Omentum?

A

The mesentery

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15
Q

What is the Greater Omentum?

A

An apron that drapes from the greater curvature of the stomach over the abdominal wall organs

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16
Q

What is the Omentum made of?

A

Two layers of Serosa with lots of fat

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17
Q

What is the immunological function of the Omentum?

A

It will go wherever there is disease

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18
Q

What is found in the Greater Omentum?

A

Blood, nerves and lymphoid tissues

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19
Q

How does the Greater Omentum control temperature?

A

Using the lipid deposits

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20
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?

A

Inner Oblique, Middle Circular, Outer Longitudinal

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21
Q

What kind of epithelium goes from the Stomach to the Rectum?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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22
Q

What are Rugae?

A

Folds in the stomach created by the muscle layers that stretch when there is food in it

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23
Q

What are the 5 Gastric gland secretory cells?

A
  • Surface mucous
  • Mucous neck
  • Parietal
  • Chief
  • Neuroendocrine
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24
Q

What are the secretory cells at the lumen of the stomach?

A

Surface Mucous Cells

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25
Q

What do Surface Mucous cells do?

A

Produce a thick mucus in the stomach that prevents hydrochloric acid from chewing through

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26
Q

What do Mucous Neck cells do in the stomach?

A

They produce mucus that is more watery

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27
Q

Which cells in the stomach produce the Hydrochloric Acid?

A

Parietal cells

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28
Q

What do the chief cells in the stomach produce?

A

Enzymes Pepsin and Lipase

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29
Q

What do Parietal and Chief cells actually release in order to protect the stomach lining?

A

Pre Enzymatic and pre hydrochloric secretions

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30
Q

How do do the secretions released by Parietal cells and Chief cells become activated?

A

By passing through the secretions of the Mucous neck cells

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31
Q

Where are Neuroendocrine cells found?

A

Close to the base of the stomach wall near the submucosa

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32
Q

What do Neuroendocrine cells in the stomach do?

A

Detect food coming in and release gastrin

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33
Q

What does Gastrin released by Neuroendocrine cells do?

A

Stimulate the Parietal and Chief cells to release their secretions

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34
Q

What helps to break down lipids?

A

The small intestine

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35
Q

Where does most of the absorption occur?

A

In the Jejunum and Ileum of the small intestine

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36
Q

What kind of tissue is the small and large intestine made of?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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37
Q

Where does the small intestine span?

A

From the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve in the ileum

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38
Q

What is the small intestine specialized for?

A

Absorption

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39
Q

What in the small intestine is specialized for absorption and how?

A

Circular folds, villi and microvilli by increasing the surface area

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40
Q

What is different about the folds in the stomach and the folds in the small intestine?

A

The folds in the stomach stretch out, the folds in the small intestine never stretch out

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41
Q

Where in the small intestine is the transition from the midgut and foregut?

A

The duodenum

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42
Q

What is different about the vascularization of the small intestine?

A

Half of it is vascularized by the foregut and half of it is vascularized by the midgut

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43
Q

What provides blood to the Duodenum?

A

The first half is the celiac and the second half is the superior mesenteric artery

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44
Q

What are the Jejunum and the Ileum vascularized by?

A

The Superior Mesenteric Artery

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45
Q

What Quadrant is the Duodenum in?

A

RUQ

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46
Q

Which organs does the Duodenum have a relationship with?

A

The Pancreas and the Gallbladder

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47
Q

What stores the bile from the liver?

A

The gallbladder

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48
Q

What secretions does the duodenum receive?

A

Bile and pancreatic juice

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49
Q

Where is the Bile produced?

A

In the liver

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50
Q

What does the Gallbladder store?

A

Bile from the liver

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51
Q

What stimulates the secretions from the pancreas and the liver to enter the duodenum?

A

The entrance of Chyme

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52
Q

Which part of the GI tract does digestion finish?

A

The end of the Duodenum

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53
Q

Why does the Esophagus have submucosal glands?

A

To protect it from acids of the stomach

54
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Glands in the duodenum that secrete mucus to protect the duodenum from acid chyme from the stomach

55
Q

Which layer are Brunner’s glands found in?

A

The submucosa layer

56
Q

Which parts of the entire GI tube have submucosal glands?

A

Where the esophagus meets the stomach and where the stomach meets the duodenum

57
Q

Why would the Hepatopancreatic ampulla open?

A

To release the bile from the gallbladder and the pancreatic juices into the duodenum in response to hormones

58
Q

Which hormones stimulate the opening of the Hepatopancreatic ampulla and why?

A

Secretin and CCK in response to chyme entering the duodenum

59
Q

Which gland secretes the buffer into the duodenum?

A

The pancreas

60
Q

What does Bile aid in the digestion of?

A

Lipids

61
Q

Where does the Pancreas sit?

A

Behind the stomach, between the duodenum and spleen

62
Q

Is the Pancreas Intra or Retroperitoneal?

A

It is Retroperitoneal

63
Q

Which quadrant does the Pancreas sit in?

A

Both upper quadrants

64
Q

Which part of the Duodenum is retroperitoneal?

A

The middle part that is associated with the pancreas and liver

65
Q

What is the Pancreas vascularized by?

A

The Celiac and SMA

66
Q

What kind of Gland is the pancreas?

A

Both an endocrine and an exocrine glands

67
Q

What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

All the stuff that goes into the tube and is released by the Duodenum

68
Q

What does the Pancreas Secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffers

69
Q

What is the drainage of the pancreas done by?

A

The splenic vein

70
Q

Which part of the Pancreas is associated with the duodenum?

A

The head

71
Q

Which part of the pancreas is associated with the spleen?

A

The body and tail

72
Q

What part of the pancreas fo to the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla?

A

The main pancreatic duct

73
Q

What tissue is the pancreas made of?

A

Epithelium

74
Q

Which cells of the Pancreas have the endocrine function?

A

Islet cells

75
Q

What are Islet cells closely associated with in the pancreas?

A

Blood vessels

76
Q

What does the Endocrine portion of the Pancreas secrete?

A

Hormones such as Glucagon (alpha), insulin (beta), and somatostatin (delta)

77
Q

Which does the Exocrine function of the pancreas secrete?

A

Pancreatic juice

78
Q

Which cells in the pancreas secrete pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic acini

79
Q

What do Pancreatic Acini produce?

A

Water, ions and digestive enzymes and buffers

80
Q

What are the two types of Pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Acinar cells and Centroacinar cells

81
Q

What do Acinar cells secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

82
Q

What do Centroacinar cells do?

A

Secrete Bicarbonate buffer and regulate pre-enzyme release from acinar cells

83
Q

Where do the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join?

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

84
Q

What is the biggest gland in the body?

A

The liver

85
Q

Where does all food that is absorbed first go to?

A

The liver

86
Q

What is the Liver vascularized by?

A

The celiac trunk and the hepatic portal vein

87
Q

What are the Metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • Carb, protein and fat metabolism
  • Regulates circulating levels of things absorbed by intestine
  • Inactivates toxic compounds and metabolic waste absorbed
88
Q

What is the Hematological regulation of the liver?

A
  • Destroys aged/damaged red blood cells, cellular debris and pathogens
  • Secretes plasma proteins into blood
89
Q

What is bile required for?

A

Digestion of lipids

90
Q

What does the Portal triad contain?

A
  • Bile duct
  • Hepatic artery proper
  • Hepatic portal vein
91
Q

Where is the Porter Triad found?

A

Lesser omentum

92
Q

What does the Lesser Omentum connect to?

A

The lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

93
Q

What mixes in the liver?

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated nutrient rich blood

94
Q

Where does all the fat in the body go to before the liver?

A

The heart because it is too big for the liver

95
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix?

A

In the sinusoids of the liver

96
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix?

A

In the sinusoids of the liver

97
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix?

A

In the sinusoids of the liver

98
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix?

A

In the sinusoids of the liver

99
Q

Where does blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix?

A

In the sinusoids of the liver

100
Q

Where does blood from the central vein in the liver go to?

A

The right and left hepatic veins and the to the inferior vena cava

101
Q

What is bile synthesized by in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

102
Q

Where is bile secreted in the liver after being synthesized by the Hepatocytes?

A

The bile canaliculi

103
Q

Where does bile flow from the Canaliculi?

A

To the periphery of the lobules into small biliary ducts that merge and empty into the right and left hepatic ducts to the common hepatic duct

104
Q

Through what ducts is bile released?

A

The cystic duct then the bile duct

105
Q

What is the difference between the glands of the Pancreas and the Liver?

A

In the liver, all the cells have both an endocrine and exocrine function

106
Q

What allows the gallbladder to contract?

A

The muscle

107
Q

What characteristics of the jejunum allow it to do majority of the absorption?

A

Thicker walls, larger diameter, redder color and more folds

108
Q

What is the connection between the small intestine and the large intestine?

A

The Ileum

109
Q

Why does the Ileum have extra lymph nodes?

A

To protect it from the different bacteria in the Cecum

110
Q

What are the fold like in the Ileum?

A

Very concentrated folds for absorption

111
Q

What will be associated with each villus?

A

Vasculature, Lymphatics and Innervation

112
Q

What is the major cell of the Villi and what do they contain?

A

Absorptive cell and they contain microvilli

113
Q

What are the four cells around the Villi?

A
  • Absorptive cell
  • Goblet cell
  • Enteroendocrine cell
  • Panteth cell
114
Q

What does the Goblet cell of the Villi produce?

A

Mucus

115
Q

What do the Enteroendocrine cells of the villi do?

A

Release hormones to indicate what should happen next with digestion

116
Q

What do the Paneth cells of the villi do?

A

Determine the gut flora

117
Q

Where does fat go from the Villi?

A

Into the Lacteal to go to the thoracic duct

118
Q

Why is the Bacteria in the Large intestine so important?

A

Because it breaks down certain things in order to release specific vitamins

119
Q

Which part of the large intestine in Retroperitoneal?

A

The Ascending and Descending and Rectum

120
Q

Which part of the Large intestine is Intraperitoneal?

A

The Cecum, transferse, and Sigmoid

121
Q

When does the Cecum open?

A

When the esophageal sphincter opens to the stomach

122
Q

What is the purpose of the Appendix?

A

It is filled with lymphatics and crucial for the gut flora

123
Q

What is the transition of the LI of the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric vessel?

A

The left colic flexure

124
Q

Which part of the LI is found in the pelvis?

A

The rectum

125
Q

What are Hastra?

A

The cups of the large intestine

126
Q

What causes Haustra?

A

The Teniae

127
Q

What are Teniae?

A

The bunching of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the large intestine

128
Q

Why are there still absorptive cells in the LI?

A

To absorb the water, vitamins, and electrolytes

129
Q

What do Goblet cells in the LI do?

A

Produce mucus to move waste

130
Q

What is the purpose of the rectum?

A

It is a storage area

131
Q

What is the transition of tissue in the Anal Canal?

A

It goes from stratified squamous epithelium to keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

132
Q

What is the different between the two sphincters of the Anal Canal?

A

One is autonomically controlled with smooth muscle and one is associated with the skin and it associated with the somatic nervous system

Anat (26 decks)

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