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Anat > Lecture 20: Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What it the main function of the Urinary System?

A

Ensure optimal properties of the blood by removing metabolic wastes generated by body cells

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2
Q

How does the urinary system affect blood ionic composition?

A

It regulates blood ionic composition

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3
Q

What two systems regulate blood pH?

A

The urinary system and the respiratory system

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4
Q

How does the urinary system control the volume and blood pressure?

A

By controlling the amount of water that the body retains

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5
Q

What two hormones does the Urinary system produce?

A

Calcitriol and Erythropoietin

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6
Q

What does Calcitriol do?

A

Help balance out calcium and activate vitamin D

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7
Q

Why is the right kidney slightly lower?

A

Because the liver is in the way

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8
Q

What is the Hilum of the kidney?

A

The entrance and exit of vasculature, ureter and lymphatics

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9
Q

What is the Vasculature of the kidneys called?

A

The Renal Artery and Vein

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10
Q

What do the Ureters do?

A

Transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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11
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

A muscular sac that stores urine

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12
Q

What protects the kidneys?

A

The skin, muscles, fat and floating ribs

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13
Q

Where are the kidneys found in relation to the peritoneum?

A

They are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)

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14
Q

What is the Peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane lining the peritoneal (abdominal) body wall and organs

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15
Q

What is the Parietal Peritoneum?

A

The lining of the peritoneal cavity (body wall)

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16
Q

What is the Visceral Peritoneum?

A

The lining of the peritoneal organs (viscera)

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17
Q

Where is the Peritoneal cavity found?

A

Within the parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

What is the meaning of Retroperitoneal?

A

Behind or under or outside the peritoneal cavity

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19
Q

What is Perirenal fat?

A

The fat that surrounds the kidneys

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20
Q

What does the Renal Fascia do?

A

Surrounds the kidneys and anchors them to the abdominal wall

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21
Q

Where is the Peritoneal or Retroperitoneal fat found?

A

Behind the parietal peritoneum

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22
Q

What is the sequence from the Minor Calyces of the kidneys?

A

Minor Calyces > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureters

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23
Q

What envelopes the kidneys?

A

The fibrous capsule

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24
Q

What is the Cortex of the kidney?

A

The outer part of the inside of the kidney

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25
Q

What does a Renal Pyramid have an entrance to?

A

A minor calyx via the renal papilla

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26
Q

What are the Calyx, Renal pelvis, and Ureter all made of?

A

Transitional epithelium

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27
Q

What is the order of Vasculature going into the kidneys?

A

Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Arteries > Arcuate Arteries > Interlobular Arteries

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28
Q

What is the order of Vasculature draining out of the kidneys?

A

Interlobular Veins > Arcuate veins > Interlobar veins > Renal Vein

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29
Q

What does each lobule connect to?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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30
Q

What is the Renal Corpuscle?

A

The connection between the afferent arteriole and the nephron

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31
Q

Where does blood go once it comes out of the Nephron?

A

The Efferent arterioles

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32
Q

Where does the blood go from the Efferent arterioles?

A

Capillaries/Vasa recta

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33
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron

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34
Q

What makes up a nephron?

A

A corpuscle and a long tube

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35
Q

Where is blood filtered in the nephron?

A

The Corpuscle

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36
Q

What kind of tissue is the Nephron made of?

A

Simple epithelial tissue

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37
Q

What are the parts of the Nephron?

A
  • Corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule
  • Collecting ducts
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38
Q

Which part of the Nephron is in the Cortex of the kidney?

A

The corpuscle and the convoluted tubule

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39
Q

Which parts of the nephron is found in the Medulla?

A

The loop of henle and the collecting ducts

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40
Q

What does the distal convoluted tube have a close relationship with?

A

The Renal Corpuscle

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41
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical nephrons

* Juxtamedullary nephrons

42
Q

What are the more common nephrons?

A

The Cortical nephrons

43
Q

Physically describe the Cortical Nephron

A
  • Mainly found in the cortex

* Small to nonexistent loop of henle

44
Q

What is the function of the Cortical Nephron?

A

Reabsorption of the good stuff that got put in the tube that is supposed to be urine back into the vasculature

45
Q

Physically describe the Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

Extremely large loop of Henle

46
Q

What is the function of the Juxtamedullary Nephron?

A

To concentrate urine

47
Q

What happens as the filtrate in the tubules goes through the medulla?

A

Because the medulla is super salty water leaves the filtrate and concentrates it

48
Q

What causes everything from the blood to be pushed out into the Renal Corpuscle?

A

High blood pressure

49
Q

Where is the Proximal Convoluted tube located?

A

Right next to the Renal Corpuscle

50
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tube do?

A

Tries to reabsorb everything

51
Q

What gets absorbed in the loop of Henle?

A

Water

52
Q

Which part of the nephron has a hormonal effect?

A

The Distal Convoluted tube

53
Q

How does the Distal Convoluted tube have a hormonal effect?

A

Depending on what is found in it is able to tell the body what needs to come back and what can be excreted

54
Q

Where is the last chance to retain as much water as possible in the nephron?

A

The collecting tubule

55
Q

Why are the Afferent and Efferent tubules different sizes?

A

To cause a difference in pressure to push out everything found in the capillaries

56
Q

What are the two layers surrounding the corpuscle?

A

The Parietal and Visceral layers

57
Q

What is the other name for the parietal layer inside the corpuscle and what is it made out of?

A

Bowman’s capsule and it is made of simple squamous epithelium

58
Q

What is the other name for the visceral layer of the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Podocytes

59
Q

What is Bowmans space?

A

The space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle

60
Q

Where does all the filtrate go from the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?

A

It goes to Bowman’s space

61
Q

What do Mesangial cells in the glomerulus do?

A
  • Help or inhibit things from going into the Bowman’s space
  • Act as macrophages and help with phagocytosis and put debris into the filtrate
  • Helps with immune defense
62
Q

What prevents large things from exiting the the glomerulus?

A

The basal membrane

63
Q

What is unable to exit the Glomulerus?

A
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
  • Large proteins
64
Q

What is able to exit the Glomeruli and move into the Glomerular space?

A
  • Small proteins
  • Metabolites
  • ions
  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Toxins
65
Q

What happens in the kidneys if the blood pressure is too high?

A

A lot of the stuff will get pushed out of the blood and won’t be able to get reabsorbed

66
Q

Which cells are the Macula densa associated with?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

67
Q

Which part of the nephron are the Macula Densa cells apart of?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

68
Q

What do the Macula densa and the Juxtaglomerular cells say to each other?

A

The relay information about what needs to be kept in the filtrate and excreted and what needs to remain in the filtrate

69
Q

What do the Juxtaglomerular cells secrete?

A

Renin

70
Q

What does Renin secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

Impacts the smooth muscle of arterioles, increasing the blood pressure through vasodilation

71
Q

What part of the kidneys regulates blood pressure?

A

The macula densa of the DCT and the cells close to the corpuscle depending on what is found in the filtrate

72
Q

What increases SA in the Proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Microvilli

73
Q

What is the function of the Proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of organic nutrients, water and electrolytes and ions

74
Q

What do the aquaporins in the loop of henle do?

A

Allow water go through the cells in order to be reabsorbed into the vasculature

75
Q

How does the thicker part of the loop of henle work?

A

It is impermeable to water and allows sodium and chloride to enter back into the bloodstream

76
Q

What is the Vasa Recta?

A

Capillary beds in the medulla that carry water away from the loop of henle to preserve the salt gradient

77
Q

What occurs at the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys?

A

Things that were unable to exit the blood in the glomerulus, like acids, toxins and drugs are secreted into the tubule to be excreted

78
Q

What does Aldosterone help with in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of sodium

79
Q

What does the Collecting tubule of the nephron regulate?

A

The pH of blood and dehydration

80
Q

What happens in the collecting tubule if a person is dehydrated?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) will make the ducts more permeable to water

81
Q

How does ADH affect the filtrate?

A

It concentrates it in the collecting tubules by allowing water to be reabsorbed into the blood

82
Q

What is the ADH secreted by?

A

The pituitary gland

83
Q

Where do the Ureters span?

A

From the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

84
Q

What are the muscular layers in the ureters?

A

Smooth and longitudinal layer

85
Q

How does urine go done the ureters?

A

Via peristalsis

86
Q

What kind of tissue is from the calyx onward?

A

Transitional (urinary) epithelium

87
Q

Physically describe transitional epithelium?

A

Many layers that can go over top and stretch out

88
Q

Which muscle does the ureter go overtop of?

A

The Psoas major

89
Q

What artery does the Ureter have to go overtop of?

A

The common iliac artery

90
Q

Where are the Ureteric openings and what do they do?

A

They are openings on the back of the bladder where ureters enter

91
Q

Where are kidneys stones felt the most?

A

Sites of Ureteric constriction

92
Q

What are the points of Ureteric constriction?

A
  • Ureteropelvic junction - stone leaving the kidney (T10-L1)
  • Stone crossing the common iliac vessels (T11-L2)
  • Ureterovesical junction - Stone entering the urinary bladder (L1-L2)
93
Q

What are the Rugae and where are they found?

A

Rugae are found in the urinary bladder caused by the muscles associated with it

94
Q

What are the two Urethral sphincters?

A
  • Internal

* External

95
Q

What is the Detrusor muscle?

A

The three layers of smooth muscle of the bladder

96
Q

Which parts of the bladder are controlled by the Autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Detrusor muscle

* Internal urethral sphincter

97
Q

Which of the Urethral sphincters are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

A

The external urethral sphincter

98
Q

What is the Lamina Propria of the Urinary bladder filled with?

A

Immune cells

99
Q

What does the Sympathetic innervation of the urinary system control?

A
  • Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

* Inhibits detrusor contraction

100
Q

What does the Parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system control?

A
  • Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

* Stimulation of detrusor contraction

101
Q

What does Somatic innervation of the urinary system control?

A

The external urethral sphincter

102
Q

What are the three parts of the Urethra in males?

A

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

Anat (26 decks)

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