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Anat > Lecture 10: Spinal Cord Pathways > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Spinal Cord Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 parts can the brain be divided into?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

What is included in the Brainstem?

A

The Midbrain, Pons and Medulla

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3
Q

What are the three embryological origins of the brain?

A

The Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

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4
Q

Which part of the brain originates from the Forebrain?

A

The Cerebrum

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5
Q

Which part of the brain originates from the Midbrain?

A

The midbrain

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6
Q

Which part of the brain originates from the Hindbrain?

A

The Pons, Medulla and Cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A cylindrical cable of pathways to and from brain and rest of the body

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8
Q

Where does the Spinal cord extend to and from?

A

The Base of the skull (medulla) to L1-L2 vertebrae

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9
Q

What are the two Plexuses of the Spinal cord?

A

Cervical (Brachial Plexus) and Lumbar (Lumbosacral Plexus)

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10
Q

What covers the Spinal Cord?

A

The Meninges

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11
Q

What is a the Central Canal?

A

A cerebrospinal fluid filled space that runs through the spinal cord

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12
Q

What are axons in the spinal cord known as?

A

Tracts

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13
Q

What is the spinal cord an extension of?

A

The Medulla

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14
Q

What is a Plexus?

A

When more than one nerve comes off the spinal cord and rejoins another nerve

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15
Q

Where does the Brachial Plexus extend?

A

C5 to T1

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16
Q

Where does the Lumbosacral Plexus serve?

A

The lower limbs

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17
Q

Which nerves are part of the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L1 - S4

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18
Q

What is the Central canal of the spinal cord continuous with?

A

The ventricles of the brain

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19
Q

How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are there?

A

31 Pairs

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20
Q

What is the name order of the nerves?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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21
Q

How many Cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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22
Q

How many Thoracic Nerves are there?

A

12

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23
Q

How many Lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

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24
Q

How many Sacral Nerves are there?

A

5

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25
Q

How many Coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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26
Q

Where does every nerve come out in Cervical Vertebrae?

A

Every nerve comes off ABOVE the corresponding cervical vertebrae

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27
Q

Where does every nerve exit in Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal vertebrae?

A

Below the corresponding vertebrae

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28
Q

Why don’t Thoracic nerves form Plexuses?

A

Because the ribs are in the way

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29
Q

Why does the spinal cord stop at L1 and L2?

A

Because during fetal development each exiting nerve matched with the vertebrae but as one grows they no longer match

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30
Q

What is below L2 since the spinal cord ends there?

A

Nerve roots are there, just not spinal cord

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31
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris?

A

The tip of the spinal cord where it ends between L1 and L2

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32
Q

What is the tip of the spinal cord where it ends known as?

A

The Conus Medullaris

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33
Q

What sits below the Conus Medullaris?

A

The Cauda Equina

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34
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

The nerve roots that extends from the Conus Medullaris

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35
Q

What sits below the Causa Equina?

A

The Filum Terminale

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36
Q

What is the Filum Terminale?

A

The attachment of the spinal cord to the coccyx using Pia Mater

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37
Q

In the spinal cord where is the Grey Matter?

A

On the inside

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38
Q

In the spinal cord where is the white matter?

A

On the outside

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39
Q

Where is the White matter in the brain?

A

On the inside

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40
Q

Where is the Grey Matter in the brain?

A

On the outside

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41
Q

Which part of the spinal cord do Sensory Neurons enter?

A

The Dorsal Horn

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42
Q

Which part of the Spinal cord do Motor Neurons enter?

A

The Ventral Horn

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43
Q

What leaves the Lateral Horn of the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic nerves

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44
Q

When do we need a lot of Grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

When there’s cell bodies that need to extend their axons out to go to muscles or to come back in from the periphery

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45
Q

Which parts of the Spinal cord would you find a lot of the Grey matter?

A

The Cervical and Lumbar portion but not the thoracic because there isn’t a lot of movement

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46
Q

How can you tell which side of the spinal cord you are veiwing?

A

the Dorsal Horn always touches the outside of the spinal cord

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47
Q

What is a Ganglia?

A

A collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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48
Q

Where are all Sensory neuron cell bodies found?

A

In the Peripheral nervous system, Dorsal Root Ganglia

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49
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Ganglia?

A

Where all cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in the PNS

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50
Q

Where do Motor Neurons always have their cell bodies?

A

In the spinal cord or the brainstem

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51
Q

In which nerves is the Lateral Horn found?

A

The Thoracic spinal nerves

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52
Q

How many neurons are in the Sympathetic nervous system pathway?

A

2 Neurons

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53
Q

Where does the first neuron in the Sympathetic nervous system pathway exit?

A

The Lateral horn

54
Q

Where does the first neuron in the Sympathetic nervous pathway synapse?

A

The PNS

55
Q

What do Dorsal and Ventral Horns lead to?

A

Dorsal and Ventral roots

56
Q

What do Dorsal and Ventral roots join up to form after leaving the spinal cord?

A

A spinal nerve

57
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Ganglia?

A

A place outside of the spinal cord where are Cell Bodies of sensory neurons are found

58
Q

What kind of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

59
Q

What type of neurons are Motor neurons?

A

Multipolar neurons

60
Q

What is the function of the Cerebrum?

A

Communication between the CNS, PNS and peripheral organ systems with ascending and descending pathways that relay sensory and motor information between periphery and higher centers

61
Q

What does Each sensory or motor pathway consist of?

A

A chain of neurons and associated nuclei or ganglia

62
Q

What varies from one neuron pathway to another?

A

The number of neurons and synapses (inter-neuronal connections)

63
Q

How many neurons are in all Conscious sensory pathways?

A

3

64
Q

How many neurons are in motor pathways?

A

2

65
Q

Where is the upper motor neuron in the Motor pathway locates?

A

In the motor cortex of the brain

66
Q

Where is the lower motor neuron in the motor pathway located?

A

In the spinal cord

67
Q

What are the 3 Main Sensory pathways?

A
  • Dorsal Column/Medial lemniscal pathway
  • Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway
  • Spinocerebellar Pathway
68
Q

What does the Dorsal Column/medial lemniscal pathway sense?

A
  • Joint (limb) position and motion sense (proprioception)

* Light touch (discriminant, stereognosis)

69
Q

What does the Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway sense?

A

Pain and Temperature

70
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar Somatosensory pathway sense?

A

Unconscious proprioception

71
Q

Which pathway detects joint (limb) position, motion sense, and light touch?

A

The Dorsal Column/medial lemniscal pathway

72
Q

Which pathway detects pain and temperature?

A

The Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

73
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar pathway detect?

A

Unconscious proprioception

74
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

The bodies ability to sense movement of the limbs

75
Q

Where does the Spinothalamic pathway go?

A

From the Spinal cord to the thalamus

76
Q

Which sensory pathways go up to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

A

The Dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway and the Spinothalamic pathway

77
Q

Where does information from the Spinocerebellar pathway go?

A

The Cerebellum

78
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar pathway do?

A

Lets the cerebellum know exactly where all parts of the body are in space in order to help with movement

79
Q

What causes the difference in pathways in the Dorsal Column Sensory pathways?

A

The different pathways needed for the upper and lower limbs

80
Q

What pathway does the Lower limbs take in the Dorsal Column sensory pathway?

A

The Gracile Tract

81
Q

Where does the nerve in the Dorsal Column pathway synapse for the first time?

A

The Medulla

82
Q

Where does all sensation go before it goes to the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

The Thalamus

83
Q

How many neurons are in the Dorsal Column sensory pathway?

A

3

84
Q

What occurs in the Dorsal Column pathway?

A
  • Light touch will stimulate a neuron
  • Action potential goes up the Dorsal Column of the spinal cord through first order neuron
  • Synapses at the Medulla and switches side at the Medial Lemniscus pathway to become the second order neuron
  • Synapses at the ventral thalamus and goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
85
Q

What occurs first the the Dorsal Column sensory pathway?

A

A light touch is sensed and an action potential moves up the Dorsal Column

86
Q

What occurs after an action potential is sent up the Dorsal Column of the Dorsal Column sensory pathway?

A

The first order neuron synapses at the Medial Lemniscus of the Medulla

87
Q

What occurs after the first order neuron synapse at the Medial Lemniscus of the medulla in the Dorsal Column Sensory Pathway?

A

The second order neuron travels up to the thalamus where it synapses and becomes the third order neuron going to the somatosensory cortex

88
Q

When in the Dorsal Column sensory pathway does the neuron switch sides?

A

At the medulla when the first order neuron synapses with the second order neuron

89
Q

What is the Dorsal Column of the Dosral Sensory Pathway divided into?

A

The Gracile tract and the Cuneate Tract

90
Q

What parts does the Dorsal Column Pathway go synapse?

A

The Medulla and the Thalamus

91
Q

Where does the Second Order neuron for the Dorsal Column pathway go?

A

From the medulla to the ventral thalamus

92
Q

Where does the third order neuron from the Dorsal Column pathway go?

A

From the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex

93
Q

How many neurons are involved in the Lateral Spinothalamic pathway?

A

3 neurons

94
Q

Where does the first neuron of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

As soon as it gets to the spinal cord

95
Q

Where does the cross over occur in the Lateral Spinothalamic pathway?

A

When the first order neuron synapse with second order neuron in the spinal cord

96
Q

Where does the Second order neuron in the Lateral Spinothalamic pathway synapse?

A

The spinal cord and the ventral thalamus

97
Q

What tract does the second order neuron in the Spinothalamic tract to get to the thalamus?

A

The Lateral Spinothalamic tract

98
Q

How many neurons are there in the Spinocerebellar Pathways?

A

2 Neurons

99
Q

Where does the Spinocerebellar pathway go?

A

From the spinal cord to the cerebellum

100
Q

When does the Spinocerebellar pathway work?

A

At all times

101
Q

Which sensory pathways cross over?

A

Only the Dorsal Columnar and the Spinothalamic

102
Q

What does the Second order neuron in the Spinocerebellar pathway travel up?

A

The Posterior Spinocerebellar tract

103
Q

What are commands of the Motor systems distributed by?

A

The PNS

104
Q

What do Somatic Motor commands cause?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle

105
Q

How many neurons are in Somatic motor pathways?

A

At least 2 neurons

106
Q

Where do the upper motor neurons have their cell body?

A

In the Central Nervous System processing centers

107
Q

Where do Lower Motor Neurons have their cell bodies?

A

In the ventral horn of the spinal cord or motor cranial nerve nucleus in the brainstem

108
Q

Which neurons are the bosses of the Motor pathways?

A

The upper motor neuron because it can excite or inhibit

109
Q

What would occur if there was a lesion in an upper motor neuron?

A

The UMN can no longer tell the LMN what to do and the LMN uncontrollably contracts

110
Q

What would occur if there was a lesion in a LMN?

A

The LMN would be unable to contract and would be flaccid

111
Q

What are the two Motor Pathways?

A

The Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway and the Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) pathway

112
Q

Where do the UMNs of the Cortico spinal pathway extend?

A

From the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord which houses the LMN

113
Q

Where do the UMN extend from in the Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) pathway?

A

From the cerebral cortex to motor cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

114
Q

Which muscles do LMN in the Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway control?

A

Muscles of limbs and trunk

115
Q

What do muscles do the LMN of the corticonuclear (corticobulbar) motor pathway control?

A

Muscles of the head and neck

116
Q

Where does the Corticospinal pathway synapse?

A

In the spinal cord

117
Q

Where does the Corticonuclear pathway synpase?

A

In the brainstem

118
Q

What is another name for the UMNs of the Corticospinal pathway?

A

Pyramidal Neurons

119
Q

Where do UMNs in the Primary Motor Cortex orginate?

A
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor + supplementary motore cortex
  • Primary sensory cortex
120
Q

What is the Corticospinal pathway important for?

A

Regulating distal limb muscles and precise skilled, learned movements

121
Q

Which part of the brain is the Primary Motor Cortex located?

A

In the frontal lobe

122
Q

Where do neurons of the Corticospinal pathway travel?

A

From the Primary motor cortex to the internal capsule to the crus and then to the spinal cord down through the corticospinal tract

123
Q

What kind of matter is the corticospinal tract made of?

A

White matter

124
Q

What part of the midbrain does the Corticospinal pathway go through?

A

The Crus Cerebri

125
Q

What does the Corticospinal pathways pass through in the medulla?

A

The pyramids

126
Q

What occurs in the pyramids in the Corticospinal pathway?

A

Crossover of the axons

127
Q

Where do axons of the corticospinal pathway go after they go through the pyramids of the medulla?

A

The lateral corticospinal pathway

128
Q

Where do UMNs in the corticospinal tract synapse?

A

In the spinal cord

129
Q

What are Extrapyramidal Pathways?

A

Subsidiary descending pathways important as back-up systems. Involved in things like posture or contraction of biceps that happen without us thinking

130
Q

What do the Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum do in Motor Pathways?

A

Modulate and modify activity in the corticospinal tract to ensure smooth, coordinated, purposeful movement

Anat (26 decks)

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