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Anat > Lecture 16: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are Membranes composed of?

A

Epithelium (epidermis) and connective tissue (dermis)

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial

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3
Q

Which Membrane makes up skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

What is the Epidermis of a Membrane?

A

Epithelium

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5
Q

What tissue is the Demis of a membrane made of?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the Largest organ system?

A

The skin

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7
Q

How much of the body mass does skin account for?

A

15%

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8
Q

Why is skin a good indicator of health?

A

Because it is very accessible

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9
Q

What are the accessory structures of the Integumentary system?

A

Exocrine glands, Hair and Nails

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10
Q

How does the integumentary system respond directly to local influences?

A

Through calluses and scar tissue

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11
Q

What are Exocrine glands?

A

Glands that put the secretion via a duct onto the environment of the epithelium

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12
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream

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13
Q

What are the Major functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Sensation
  4. Metabolic functions
  5. Socials functions
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14
Q

How does Skin act as a barrier?

A

It bears the brunt of most injuries and recovers better than any other organ system

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15
Q

How does skin Thermoregulate?

A
  • Constriction and dilation of blood vessels

* Sweating

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16
Q

What are the Metabolic functions of Skin?

A
  • Vitamin D synthesis with UV rays

* Storage of energy as subcutaneous fat

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17
Q

What social functions does Skin have?

A

Identity for all animals

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18
Q

What is the function of Epithelium in the skin?

A

Covers the surface and forms the boundary from the outside world

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19
Q

What is the function of connective tissue in the skin?

A
  • Supports epithelial tissue

* Provides strength and resiliency

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20
Q

What is the function of Muscle in the skin?

A
  • Controls the diameter of blood vessels

* Adjusts hair position

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21
Q

What is the function of Nerves in the skin?

A
  • Controls the smooth muscle in the CT
  • Generates sensation
  • Stimulates exocrine glands
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22
Q

How many layers does Epithelium have?

A

Multiple layers

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23
Q

How many layers does the Epidermis have?

A

5

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24
Q

What are the layers of the Epidermis from Bottom to Top?

A 
Stratum Basale (germinativum)
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
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25
Q

What is the thickest layer of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum Corneum

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26
Q

What do Keratinized Squamous cells produce in the Skin?

A

Keratin

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27
Q

What is Keratin?

A

A tough protein that helps epidermis with its protective properties

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28
Q

What is the Bottom layer of the Epidermis called?

A

Stratum Germinativum (Basal Layer)

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29
Q

How many types of cells is in the Stratum Germinativum layer?

A

3 types of cells

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30
Q

What is the deepest layer of the Stratum Germinativum composed of?

A

Large Basal Stem Cells

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31
Q

What do the Stem Cells in the Stratum Germinativum do?

A

They divide to give rise to new keratinocytes to replace the dead ones that flake off

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32
Q

What are the most abundant epithelial cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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33
Q

What do Keratinocytes do?

A

Synthesize Keratin

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34
Q

Which layer of the EPidermis forms the Basal Lamina?

A

Stratum Germinativum

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35
Q

What does the Basal Lamina ensure?

A

It ensures that the epithelium is firmly attached to the basal membrane with connective tissue

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36
Q

What two types of cells are found in Stratum Germinativum?

A

Merkel (tactile) cells and Melanocytes

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37
Q

Of the cell types found in the Stratum Germinativum which one is less common?

A

Merkel (tactile) cells

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38
Q

Where are Merkel (tactile) cells more abundant?

A

Where skin has no hair (fingertips, lips)

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39
Q

What are Merkel (tactile) cells important for?

A

Touch sensation

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40
Q

When are Merkel (tactile) cells called Tactile (Merkel) discs?

A

When it is connected with a dermal nerve fibre

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41
Q

What layer of the Epidermis are Melanocytes found?

A

Stratum Germinativum

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42
Q

What do the Processes on Melanocytes do?

A

Insert themselves between Keratinocytes

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43
Q

What do Melanin granules produced by Melanocytes do when in the presence of Keratinocytes?

A

Melanin granules are phagocytized by Keratinocytes and form an umbrella over the nucleus to prevent DNA from UV radiation

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44
Q

What does the number of Melanocyte cells depend on?

A

The region of the body (ex. Palm of hand) but NOT by people

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45
Q

What determines skin tone?

A

The activity of Melanocytes and how many melanin granules they have, not the amount of melanocytes

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46
Q

What is another name for the Stratum Spinosum layer of the Epidermis?

A

Spiny Layer

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47
Q

What cells are the Stratum Spinosum composed of?

A

Several layers of keratinocytes and Langerhans (dendritic) cells

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48
Q

What do the Keratinocytes in the Stratum Spinosum contain?

A

A bundle of Tonofilaments

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49
Q

What are Tonofilaments and what do they do?

A

Keratin protein filaments that cause the cell to flatten and reach for neighbouring cells

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50
Q

What attach Keratinocytes together?

A

Desmosomes

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51
Q

What occurs in the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes flatten and reach for each other and desmosomes attach keratinocytes together

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52
Q

In what layer are Langerhans (dendritic) cells found?

A

The Stratum Spinosum

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53
Q

What forms Desmosomes?

A

Tonofilaments

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54
Q

What are Langerhans (dendritic) cells?

A

A type of macrophage that originates from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis

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55
Q

Where do Langerhans (dendritic) cells originate?

A

The bone marrow

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56
Q

What type of cells are Langerhans (dendritic) cells?

A

Macrophages

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57
Q

What do Langerhans (dendritic) cells do?

A

Capture pathogens and offer them to the immune system

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58
Q

How do Langerhans (dendritic) cells play an important role?

A

They are important for the immune response if pathogens penetrate the superficial layer

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59
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found in great numbers?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, and vaginal canal

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60
Q

What is the Stratum Granulosum composed of?

A

2-5 layers of flat keratinocytes

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61
Q

What does the Stratum granulosum produce?

A

Large quantities of keratohyalin granules

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62
Q

What do Keratinocytes in the Stratum granulosum secrete?

A

Lipid filled membrane coating vesicles that fill spaces between keratinocytes and form water-repellent sealant

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63
Q

What do the lipid-filled membranes secreted by keratinocytes in the Stratum Granulosum do?

A

Fill spaces between keratinocytes and form water-repellent sealant

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64
Q

What does the Sealant secreted by the keratinocytes of the Stratum Granulosum ultimately do?

A

Prevents cell diffusion that leads to keratinocyte death above the granular layer

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65
Q

Where in the body would you find excess production of the sealant produced?

A

In thicker skin like sole of foot and palm of hand

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66
Q

What does excess production of the sealant lead to?

A

Calluses

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67
Q

What is Keratinization?

A

Accumulation of keratin from deep to superficial layer

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68
Q

In what parts of the body is the Stratum Lucidum layer found?

A

In areas with thick skin and no hair like the palm of the hands and the bottoms of the feet

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69
Q

What does the Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) contain?

A

Large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes. The cells have no nucleus or organelles

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70
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the skin?

A

The Stratum Corneum

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71
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum composed of?

A

Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes (up to 30 layers)

72
Q

What is the shedding of the Stratum Corneum known as?

A

Dander

73
Q

What is Dandruff?

A

Clumps of dander from the Stratum Corneum stuck together with oil from the scalp

74
Q

What is the main function of the Stratum Corneum?

A

Protection against abrasion and microbial invasion

75
Q

How long does it take to go from the Basal layer to the Stratum Corneum?

A

30-40 days

76
Q

What does the peak and valley interface between the dermis and epidermis allow for?

A

A tight bond between different layers of skin that can resist shearing stress

77
Q

What are the two components of the Interface between the dermis and epidermis?

A

The Epidermal ridge and the Dermal Papilla

78
Q

Which areas have a tall Dermal Papillae and why?

A

Sensitive areas (lips, genitals) to allow nerve fibers and capillaries closer to the surface

79
Q

Where is the Interface very unique?

A

In the fingertips

80
Q

What are the two layers of the Dermis?

A

The Papillary layer and the Reticular layer

81
Q

Which layer of the Dermis is the connection to the epidermis?

A

The Papillary layer

82
Q

What is the Papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissues (loose CT) that contains nerve ending and many capillaries

83
Q

What does the Papillary layer of the dermis contact with the epidermis vary with?

A

The area of the body

84
Q

What kind of tissue is the Papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

A

Areolar connective tissue (loose CT)

85
Q

What kind of tissues is the Reticular layer of the Dermis composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, collagen bundles and elastic fibres

86
Q

What does the Reticular layer of the dermis allow for in the skin?

A

Extensibility and elasticity to skin

87
Q

What sits in the reticular layer of dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, hair follicles, glands, adipocytes between fibre bundles, attachment to skeletal muscles of the face

88
Q

What do Collagen fibers of the dermis align themselves with?

A

the areas of natural tension

89
Q

What are Stretch Marks?

A

Scarring due to internal damage of collagen bundles and stretching of vasculature. Red = tearing of vessels, white = lack of vasculature after tearing

90
Q

What is another name for the Hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue

91
Q

What does the Hypodermis do?

A

Stabilizes the position of skin relative to underlying tissues

92
Q

What kind of tissue is the Hypodermis made of?

A

Loose connective tissue

93
Q

What does the Loose Connective tissue of Hypodermis store?

A

Fat

94
Q

What does the Fat of the Hypodermis do?

A

Pads the body, serves as energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation

95
Q

What 3 Pigments are responsible for skin tone?

A

Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene

96
Q

What colors is melanin responsible and which layer of skin is it found in?

A

Yellow/tan/brown/black and in Stratum basale and spinosum

97
Q

What stimulates melanin synthesis?

A

UV stimulus

98
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

The red pigment found in dermal blood vessels that gives skin a pink hue

99
Q

What color does Carotene give to the skin and where is it found?

A

Yellow/orange in stratum corneum and hypodermis

100
Q

What color is Cyanosis and what does it demonstrate?

A

Blue and lack of O2

101
Q

What is erythema and what color is it?

A

Pooling of RBCs and Red

102
Q

What color is Jaundice and what does it signify?

A

Yellow and excess bilirubin

103
Q

What does Paleness signify?

A

Low blood flow

104
Q

What color are hematomas and what do they signify?

A

Bruising - clotted blood, purple

105
Q

What can destroy skin?

A

Excess UV radiation, heat, electricity, chemicals

106
Q

What does Tissue Damage do to skin?

A

Destroys skins important contribution to homeostasis: protection against microbial invasion, dehydration, regulation of body temperature, alters composition of dermis and forms premature wrinkling

107
Q

Which layer of the skin is affected in a 1st degree burn?

A

The epidermis

108
Q

What are the characteristics of 1st degree burns?

A

Mild pain, erythema, flaking

109
Q

Which layers of the skin are affected in 2nd degeee burns?

A

Epidermis and some dermis

110
Q

What are the characteristics of 2nd degree burns?

A

Blister formation, edema, redness, pain and scarring after 3-4 weeks

111
Q

Which layers are involved in third degree burns?

A

All layers through to the hypodermis

112
Q

What are the characteristics of 3rd degree burns?

A

Skin functions lost, numb (no sensory ending), granulation forms, skin grafting may be needed

113
Q

What are the 3 types of glands?

A

Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

114
Q

What is an example of a Merocrine gland?

A

A sweat gland

115
Q

What is an example of an Apocrine gland?

A

Mammary gland

116
Q

What is an example of a Holocrine gland?

A

Sebaceous gland

117
Q

How do Merocrine glands secrete?

A

Normal exocytosis

118
Q

How do Apocrine glands secrete?

A

The Apical surface is pinched off

119
Q

How do Holocrine glands secrete?

A

The release the entire cell

120
Q

What are the 4 types of Exocrine Cutaneous Glands?

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Sebaceous glands
  3. Ceruminous glands
  4. Mammary glands
121
Q

What do Sweat glands secrete?

A

Water and Electrolytes

122
Q

What are the two types secretion that Sweat Glands use?

A

Merocrine secretion (most common) & Apocrine secretion (puberty)

123
Q

What do Sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Oily lipid (sebum) that coats hair and skin surface

124
Q

What do Ceruminous glands secrete and through what type of secretion?

A

Earwax through apocrine secretion

125
Q

What do Mammary glands secrete?

A

Breast milk

126
Q

Where are Apocrine Sweat Glands found?

A

Axilla, groin, breast areola, male facial hair

127
Q

What are Apocrine sweat glands strongly influenced by?

A

Hormones

128
Q

What produces odor in Apocrine sweat glands?

A

Bacteria

129
Q

When are Apocrine sweat glands activated?

A

During emotional stress and arousal

130
Q

What do Merocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Water and electrolytes (regular sweat)

131
Q

Where are Merocrine sweat glands the most numerous?

A

On the Palms, soles, and forehead

132
Q

What do Merocrine sweat glands regulate?

A

Body temperature

133
Q

What are Merocrine sweat glands controlled by?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

134
Q

What are Mammary glands regulated by?

A

Interaction of sexula and pituitary hormones

135
Q

What does the Sebum from Holocrine glands inhibit?

A

Bacterial growth

136
Q

What do Sebaceous glands usually open onto?

A

A hair follicle but some grow directly onto skin

137
Q

What do Sebaceous glands do?

A

Keep hair and skin from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked

138
Q

What causes Acne?

A

Inflammation of sebaceous glands and follicles due to blocked ducts and bacterial infection

139
Q

What are Hair and Nails composed of?

A

Dead keratinized cells with HARD keratin

140
Q

What is a Pilus (pili)?

A

A slender filament of keratinized cells that grow from a tube (follicle)

141
Q

What surfaces does hair not cover?

A

Hands, feet, lips, nipples and genitals

142
Q

How does hair differ from person to person?

A

Texture and pigmentation

143
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A

Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal hair

144
Q

Describe Lanugo

A

Fine hair from Foetus to birth

145
Q

Describe Vellus

A

Most hair on body surfaces

146
Q

Describe Terminal Hair

A

Longer, coarser and pigmented

147
Q

What is Hair important for?

A

UV protection and thermal insulation for head, particle filtration for eyes and nose, touch sensation for the body

148
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hair follicle?

A

Shaft, Root, Bulb

149
Q

What two sheaths do Hair follicles have?

A

Epithelial root sheath and a CT root Sheath

150
Q

Which sheath are Hair Neve fibers found?

A

The Epithelial root sheath

151
Q

What do Arrector Pili muscle in hair follicles do?

A

Make the hair stand up to trap heat and is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

152
Q

Which part of the hair follicle is above the skin?

A

The shaft

153
Q

Which part of the hair is in follicle?

A

The root

154
Q

Where does the Bulb of hair originate?

A

The Dermis

155
Q

What is the Sole source of nutrition for the hair?

A

The papilla that has blood vessels

156
Q

What changes the curl of the hair?

A

The cross sectional shape

157
Q

What changes the texture of hair?

A

Keratin

158
Q

What is color of hair determined by?

A

Pigment in the cells of the cortex

159
Q

What are the 3 layers of hair from inside to outside?

A

Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle

160
Q

What is in the Cortex of hair made out of?

A

Densely packed Keratinized cells

161
Q

What is the Cuticle of hair?

A

Single layer of scaly cells that resist pulling on hair

162
Q

What are the 3 stages of hair growth and hair loss?

A

Growth stage, Regression stage, Resting stage

163
Q

What occurs in the Growth stage of hair?

A

Stem cells from bulge multiply and are added to the root as they push upwards they keratinized and die

164
Q

How long does the growth stage take?

A

3-6 years

165
Q

What occurs in the regression stage?

A

Cells stop dividing, follicle trophies and hair stops growing

166
Q

How long does the regression stage take?

A

2-3 weeks

167
Q

What occurs in the resting stage?

A

Hair loses it anchorage and old hair root falls out/push out of the follicle and new division occurs

168
Q

How long does the resting stage take?

A

3 months

169
Q

What stage is the majority of hair cells in?

A

Growth stage (85%)

170
Q

What is the white part at the base of nail known as?

A

Eponychium (cuticle)

171
Q

What is the part of the nail that we cut known as?

A

The free edge

172
Q

What is the little piece of skin under the part of the nail that we cut known as?

A

Hyponychium

173
Q

What is the part where the outside meets the nail known as?

A

The Eponychium

174
Q

Why are nails pink?

A

Because of oxygen in the dermal layer

175
Q

What is the Cuticle made of?

A

A band of epidermis

176
Q

What is the nail made of?

A

Hard keratin

Anat (26 decks)

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