Lecture 22: Reproductive System II Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
A
- Production of female gametes and sex hormones
- Reception of male gametes
- Site for fertilization
- Transport of fertilized zygote to uterus
- Site of development
- Mechanism of parturition
- Provision of nutrition for the newborn
2
Q
What are the female sex hormones?
A
Estrogen and Progesterone
3
Q
What are the male gametes that the female reproductive system receives?
A
Spermatozoa
4
Q
What are the female gametes?
A
Ova
5
Q
What are the gonads in the female reproductive system?
A
The ovaries
6
Q
What are the ovaries responsible for?
A
Production of gametes and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
7
Q
What are the ducts of the female reproductive system?
A
- Fallopian (uterine) tubes
* Uterus
8
Q
What is the function of the fallopian (uterine) tubes?
A
Transport of ovum and fertilization
9
Q
What is the function of the Uterus?
A
Implantation and development of foetus
10
Q
What happens in the uterus if no fertilization occurs?
A
Menstrual cycles
11
Q
What is female organ copulation?
A
Vagina
12
Q
Which organ is the birth canal?
A
The vagina
13
Q
What are the accessory glands of the female reproductive system?
A
- Pituitary gland
* Mammary gland
14
Q
What does the pituitary gland stimulate in the female reproductive system?
A
Oogenesis and ovulation
15
Q
What is the function of the mammary glands?
A
Nutrition of newborn
16
Q
What are the ovaries equivalent to in the male reproductive system?
A
Testes
17
Q
What is the difference between the gamete formation between ovaries and testes?
A
Female gametes are once a month and the ovaries alternate which one produces the gamete
18
Q
What kind of glands are the ovaries?
A
Endocrine glands
19
Q
What do Fallopian (uterine) tubes do?
A
Take the gamete and bring it to the uterus
20
Q
Why does the uterus add a new layer every month?
A
To provide an environment for the development of a foetus
21
Q
What do the accessory glands in the male reproductive system do?
A
Produce seminal fluid
22
Q
What lies over the pelvic cavity in males?
A
The parietal peritoneum
23
Q
What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity in males?
A
The parietal peritoneum
24
Q
What does the parietal peritoneum do to the ovary and uterine tube?
A
Completely envelopes it
25
What is it called when there are two layers of peritoneum?
A mesentery
26
What does a Mesentery do?
Helps anchor something to the body wall or provides vasculature and innervation to the organ
27
What does the parietal peritoneum going over the uterus do?
Anchors it down and provides vasculature
28
What does a gamete have to do as a consequence of the ovary being covered by the parietal peritoneum?
The ovum has to pierce through the parietal peritoneum in order for the infundibulum to sweep it over to the uterine tube in order to take it to the uterus
29
What is the Vestibule the entrance to?
Both urinary and the genital part of the female
30
What is the end of the uterus?
The cervix
31
What is different about the cervix part of the uterus?
It is made of a more fibrous tissue
32
What is the point of protection of the uterus?
The cervix
33
How does the cervix protect?
If there are any pathogens it ensure that it does not enter the uterus
34
What is the pouch in the pelvis in males called?
The rectovesical pouch
35
What are the two pouches in the pelvic cavity of a female?
* Vesicouterine pouch
| * Rectouterine pouch
36
What forms the Vesicouterine pouch?
Between the urinary bladder and the uterus
37
What forms the Rectouterine pouch?
Between the rectum and the uterus
38
Where in the body are the ovaries and the fallopian tubes?
They are always posterior
39
What does the fornix do?
Cups the uterus
40
What happens at the fornix in terms of semen?
The coagulated semen goes toward the fornix and stays there and gets liquified
41
When is the Parietal Peritoneum called the Broad Ligament of the uterus?
When it drapes over the parietal reproductive tract including the uterus, the fallopian tubes and the ovaries
42
What does Ligament mean in terms of parietal peritoneum?
It mean thickening of parietal peritoneum
43
Why do the ureters need to go deep?
Because they need to go under the broad ligament in order to get to the urinary bladder
44
Where do the ovaries come from in terms of development?
The abdomen, just like the testes in males
45
Where does the vasculature of the ovary originate?
In the abdominal aorta
46
What artery from the abdominal aorta supplies the ovaries?
The ovarian arteries
47
What do the end of the Ovarian Arteries and Vein need to pierce through and why?
Through the peritoneum in order to access the ovarian
48
Why do the Ovarian arteries and veins become known as suspensory ligament?
Because they have to pierce the parietal peritoneum
49
What is the Suspensory Ligament?
The Ovarian Artery and Vein that pierce the parietal peritoneum to get to the ovary
50
What is found within the suspensory ligament?
Ovarian arteries and veins
51
What is found within the ovarian ligament?
Nothing it is just a thickening
52
What anchors the ovary to the uterus?
The Ovarian ligament
53
What are the projections on the Infundibulum?
Fimbriae
54
What do the Fimbriae do?
Swoop the gametes into the tube
55
Where does the Vas Deferens enlarge?
At the ampulla
56
What is the enlargement of the Fallopian tube known as?
The ampulla
57
What is the Ampulla the site for in the female reproductive system?
Fertilization
58
What is the Isthmus?
The part of the fallopian tube that gets closer to the uterus
59
What is the Intramural?
The part of the fallopian tube that enters the uterus
60
Where does the Round ligament connect?
From the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall
61
What are the three divisions of the Broad Ligament?
* Mesosalpinx (Tube)
* Mesovarium (Ovary)
* Mesometrium (Uterus - Endometrium)
62
What is the Broad Ligament called when it is covering the uterine tube?
Mesosalpinx
63
What does the Mesosalpinx cover?
The Uterine tube
64
Which part of the Broad ligament covers the ovary?
The Mesovarium
65
What is the broad ligament called when it covers the ovary?
The Mesovarium
66
What is the Broad ligament called when it covers the uterus - endometrium?
The Mesometrium
67
What is the Mesometrium?
The part of the broad ligament that covers the uterus - endometrium
68
Where do the Suspensory ligaments of the ovary come from?
The come from the Aorta and the inferior vena cava
69
What do the Suspensory Ligaments anchor?
The part of the ovary that is associated with abdominal wall
70
Where in terms of position is the round ligament?
Anterior
71
What does the round ligament anchor?
The uterus to the anterior abdominal wall
72
What does the Transverse Ligament do?
Anchors the uterus the lateral walls
73
What vasculature is found in the Transverse ligament?
The uterine vessels
74
What does the Ureteral Sacral ligament connect to?
They go from the uterus to the sacrum and anchor it posteriorly
75
What anchors the uterus posteriorly?
The Uterosacral ligament
76
What anchors the uterus anteriorly?
The round ligament
77
What anchors the uterus laterally?
The transverse ligament
78
What ligaments do the ovaries have?
The suspensory ligament and the ovarian ligament
79
Which ligaments suspend the uterus?
* Uterosacral ligament
* Transverse ligament
* Round ligament
80
Which ligament is equivalent in males?
The round ligament
81
What kind of gland is the ovary?
An endocrine gland
82
What brings vasculature to the ovary?
The suspensory ligament and the mesovarium
83
What anchors the ovary to the uterus?
The ovarian ligament
83
What anchors the ovary to the uterus?
The ovarian ligament
84
What does the Ovary shrink with?
Time
85
What do ovaries produce?
The gametes and sex hormones
86
What is the function of Estrogen and Progesterone?
* Regulates functions of reproductive (& other) system
* Generate secondary sex characteristics
* Generate sex drive
* Maintenance of uterus lining (endometrium)
* Stimulates growth and metabolism throughout the body
* Influence brain development
87
What are the secondary sex characteristics in females?
* Armpit and pubic hair
* Distribution of fat
* Development of mammary glands
88
What are sex hormones also important for?
Bone and muscle development
89
What overall occurs in a vasectomy?
The vas deferens is cut but sperm and testosterone are still produced but the sperm is just reabsorbed
90
What occurs overall in a hysterectomy?
Removal of the uterus leaving the ovaries behind to so that the production of sex hormones is still present
91
What is Oogeneis?
The production of gametes
92
What is the biggest difference in the production of gametes between males and females?
Males have the germ cells but they don't go through mitosis and meiosis until puberty. Females are born with all of their gametes. So males can produce gametes forever
93
What is the ovarian cycle?
The cells that are associated with oocytes
94
Why are the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus important in females?
Because the levels of FSH and LH need to be adjusted and monitored because they change month to month
95
When does the production of female gametes begin?
In utero
96
Where does the first differentiation of female gametes occur?
In utero
97
What is the equivalent of spermatogonium in females?
Oogonium
98
What is the first name of the gamete in Oogenesis?
Oogonium
99
What is an Oogonium called after it undergoes mitosis?
Primary Oocyte
100
What does an Oogonium undergo?
Mitosis to form a primary occyte
101
What process does the Primary oocyte undergo?
Meiosis
102
What is strange about the Meiosis of the Primary Oocyte?
It starts meiosis but does not finish meiosis
103
What is oogenesis like at birth?
Primary oocytes are suspended in meiosis I
104
What is meant by follicle of a Primary Oocyte?
There are cells are the gamete that specialize and differentiate
105
What is needed to complete the first stage of meiosis of the Primary Oocyte?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) at puberty
106
When does Meiosis of the Primary Oocyte continue and what is it induced by?
At puberty induced by the FSH
107
When is the first stage of meiosis of the primary oocyte complete?
At puberty
108
What does a Primary Oocyte become known as one it finishes meiosis?
An ovum
109
How many daughter cells does a Primary Oocyte give?
One Ovum
110
How many sperm do one spermatocyte give after meiosis?
Four sperm
111
Why does Meiosis I only give one ovum from a Primary Oocyte?
Because one oocyte takes all the cytoplasm and mitochondria and the rest become polar bodies
112
Which hormone causes ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone
113
What happens to the secondary oocyte/ovum at ovulation?
It starts meiosis II
114
When does the secondary oocyte/ovum start meiosis II?
At ovulation
115
What is the state of the secondary oocyte/ovum at ovulation?
It is suspended in meiosis II
116
When does Meiosis II complete?
When there is fertilization of the ovum
117
What is a secondary oocyte/ovum called once it is fertilized?
a mature ovum
118
Why does the mature ovum have a lot of cytoplasm?
To feed the nucleus of the ovum and sperm
119
What happens if there is no fertilization?
The secondary oocyte/ovum never undergoes meiosis II and menses occurs
120
Where do the ovarian vessels enter the Ovary?
At the Hilum
121
What happens in the Cortex of the ovary?
The development of oocytes
122
What occurs in the medulla of the ovary?
There are capillaries that receive all the hormones produced
123
What is the white coat of the Ovary?
The tunica albuginea
124
What is the Tunica Albuginea of the Ovary?
A connective tissue that protects the ovary
125
What is the meaning of Follicular Stage of the ovarian cycle?
Follicles around the gamete grow and differentiate at different moments or they are given different names as they do different things
126
What are females born with?
All of their gametes and all of their primordial follicles around them
127
What are the four stages of follicles?
* Primordial
* Primary
* Secondary
* Mature (Graafian) follicle
128
Which follicles are present at birth?
Primordial follicles
129
How often does the four cycles of follicles occur?
Every month
130
After ovulation, what are the cells that stay around the ovum called?
Corona radiata
131
What are the follicles important for before ovulation?
Producing estrogen
132
What happens to the follicles left in the ovary after ovulation?
They become a corpus luteum
133
What hormone does the Corpus Luteum produce?
Progesterone
134
What is Progesterone important for?
Making of the uterine lining
135
What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization?
It becomes scar tissue
136
What is Corpus Albicans?
The scar tissue that the corpus luteum forms if no fertilization occurs
137
What is the state of the oocyte when an individual is born?
The oocyte is a primary oocyte and is suspended in meiosis I
138
What surrounds the primary oocyte in the cortex of the ovary?
Simple Squamous Epithelium Follicle cells
139
What kind of tissues are the Follicle cells that surround a primary oocyte?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
140
What is Primordial Follicle?
A primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells made of simple squamous epithelium
141
What are Primordial Follicles waiting for?
Follicle stimulating hormones to stimulate further development
142
What does FSH stimulate?
The follicle around the oocyte
143
What does FSH do to the Primordial follicles?
Causes them to mature and become granulosa cells and specialize into theca cells
144
What are the endocrine cells in the ovary?
Theca cells
145
What hormone do Theca cells produce?
Estrogen
146
What does the oocyte do with the granulosa cells?
Produces a basal membrane called Zona Pellucida
147
What is Zona Pellucida?
The basal membrane that the oocyte and the granulosa produce to make a protein coat around the oocyte
148
What is the follicle called once there is division of the follicle cells stimulated by FSH?
It goes from being a Primordial follicle to a primary follicle
149
What does the Primary Follicle consist of?
* Primary oocyte
* Zona pellucida (protein coat)
* Granulosa cells (cuboidal cells)
* Theca cells (endocrine cells)
150
What is the Zona Pellucida made of?
Protein
151
What is the state of the oocyte while in the primary follicle?
It is still suspended in meiosis I
152
What is Antrum?
Fluid produced by follicle cells that is protein rich and sticky
153
While in the secondary and primary follicle what hormone is being produced?
Estrogen
154
What does the Estrogen produced by the Theca cells of the secondary follicle do?
Supports the regrowth of the endometrium after menstruation
155
In what stage is Antrum produced?
In the secondary follicle stage
156
What is the follicular stage after Secondary Follicle?
Mature follicle
157
What is the stage of the Antrum during Mature follicle development?
It is huge
158
During what follicular stage does the oocyte complete meiosis I?
During the mature follicle stage right before ovulation
159
What is the Oocyte called during the Mature Follicle stage?
A secondary oocyte/ovum since it has completed meiosis I
160
What do the Granulosa cells form during mature Follicle development?
Cumulus oophorus which lifts up the oocyte
161
What do the Theca and Granulosa cells do to the cortex and peritoneum during mature follicle development?
They secrete enzymes that chew through the cortex and then through the parietal peritoneum
162
What happens overall to the oocyte during mature follicle development?
The cumulus orphus dies off the the oocyte become free floating in the Antrum surrounded by corona radiata
163
What keeps feeding the oocyte as it waits to get fertilized?
The Granulosa cells of corona radiata
164
Which hormone is required for ovulation?
LH
165
What does LH need to be released?
A large amount of estrogen
166
What does the large amount of estrogen released by the developing follicles do?
Stimulate LH to be released which allows for ovulation
167
Which hormone is required for ovulation?
LH
168
How many days does it take to go from Primordial follicle to ovulation?
14 days
169
Which cells chew through the ovary and the parietal peritoneum during ovulation?
Theca and granulosa cells
170
Why is the fluid around the ovum after ovulation sticky?
So that it can stick to the ovary and be swept up by fimbriae
171
After ovulation, what hormone do the theca and granulosa cells produce?
Progesterone
172
What is Progesterone important for?
To keep luteinizing hormone present to build to uterine lining
173
What hormone is produced instead of LH after implantation?
hCG
174
What forms the corpus luteum after ovulation?
The leftover follicle cells
175
What hormones does the Corpus Luteum produce?
Estrogen and Progesterone
176
What does the Progesterone released by the corpus luteum do?
Prepares the endometrium for implantation of the embryo
177
Which hormones are required for the maintenance of the endometrium?
Progesterone and Estrogen
178
How does the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary to release FSH?
By releasing GnRH
179
What does FSH released by the pituitary do?
Cause maturation of the follicles
180
What hormone does the maturation of the follicles produce?
Estrogen
181
How does the Estrogen released by the maturing follicle affect the hypothalamus?
It causes the hypothalamus to tell the pituitary to stop releasing FSH and start producing LH
182
What does the LH produce cause?
Ovulation
183
What hormone does the corpus luteum produce after ovulation?
Progesterone
184
What stops the corpus luteum from producing progesterone and estrogen?
Its degeneration after twelve days
185
What is the Fallopian (uterine) tube stabilized by?
The Mesosalpinx
186
What brings vasculature to the Fallopian (uterine) tube?
The mesosalpinx
187
What does the smooth muscle of the Fallopian (uterine) tube do?
Pushes the gametes or zygote along and stimulate secretions that feed the gamete
188
What causes the smooth muscle in the Fimbriae to contract?
High amounts of estrogen
189
What kind of epithelium is at the Fimbriae?
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium
190
What do the ciliated cells do in males?
They are absorptive cells and absorb a lot of the secretions from the sertoli cells
191
In addition to transporting to Oocyte what do the cilia in the fallopian tube do?
They secrete mucus to feed the gamete and potentially the zygote
192
Why does the Ampulla have numerous folds?
In order to feed a potential zygote
193
What is the Narrowest portion of the Fallopian tube?
The Isthmus
194
What kind of cells does the Infundibulum consist of?
Simple columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated cells and secretory cells
195
Which part of the Fallopian Tube has the most complex lining?
The Ampulla
196
Which part of the Fallopian tube looks more like the vas deferens?
The Isthmus and intramural
197
Which hormone maintains the placenta if there is implantation?
hCG
