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Anat > Lecture 22: Reproductive System II > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Reproductive System II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Production of female gametes and sex hormones
  • Reception of male gametes
  • Site for fertilization
  • Transport of fertilized zygote to uterus
  • Site of development
  • Mechanism of parturition
  • Provision of nutrition for the newborn
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2
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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3
Q

What are the male gametes that the female reproductive system receives?

A

Spermatozoa

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4
Q

What are the female gametes?

A

Ova

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5
Q

What are the gonads in the female reproductive system?

A

The ovaries

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6
Q

What are the ovaries responsible for?

A

Production of gametes and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

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7
Q

What are the ducts of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Fallopian (uterine) tubes

* Uterus

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8
Q

What is the function of the fallopian (uterine) tubes?

A

Transport of ovum and fertilization

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9
Q

What is the function of the Uterus?

A

Implantation and development of foetus

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10
Q

What happens in the uterus if no fertilization occurs?

A

Menstrual cycles

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11
Q

What is female organ copulation?

A

Vagina

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12
Q

Which organ is the birth canal?

A

The vagina

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13
Q

What are the accessory glands of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Pituitary gland

* Mammary gland

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14
Q

What does the pituitary gland stimulate in the female reproductive system?

A

Oogenesis and ovulation

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15
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A

Nutrition of newborn

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16
Q

What are the ovaries equivalent to in the male reproductive system?

A

Testes

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17
Q

What is the difference between the gamete formation between ovaries and testes?

A

Female gametes are once a month and the ovaries alternate which one produces the gamete

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18
Q

What kind of glands are the ovaries?

A

Endocrine glands

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19
Q

What do Fallopian (uterine) tubes do?

A

Take the gamete and bring it to the uterus

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20
Q

Why does the uterus add a new layer every month?

A

To provide an environment for the development of a foetus

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21
Q

What do the accessory glands in the male reproductive system do?

A

Produce seminal fluid

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22
Q

What lies over the pelvic cavity in males?

A

The parietal peritoneum

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23
Q

What separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity in males?

A

The parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum do to the ovary and uterine tube?

A

Completely envelopes it

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25
Q

What is it called when there are two layers of peritoneum?

A

A mesentery

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26
Q

What does a Mesentery do?

A

Helps anchor something to the body wall or provides vasculature and innervation to the organ

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27
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum going over the uterus do?

A

Anchors it down and provides vasculature

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28
Q

What does a gamete have to do as a consequence of the ovary being covered by the parietal peritoneum?

A

The ovum has to pierce through the parietal peritoneum in order for the infundibulum to sweep it over to the uterine tube in order to take it to the uterus

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29
Q

What is the Vestibule the entrance to?

A

Both urinary and the genital part of the female

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30
Q

What is the end of the uterus?

A

The cervix

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31
Q

What is different about the cervix part of the uterus?

A

It is made of a more fibrous tissue

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32
Q

What is the point of protection of the uterus?

A

The cervix

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33
Q

How does the cervix protect?

A

If there are any pathogens it ensure that it does not enter the uterus

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34
Q

What is the pouch in the pelvis in males called?

A

The rectovesical pouch

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35
Q

What are the two pouches in the pelvic cavity of a female?

A
  • Vesicouterine pouch

* Rectouterine pouch

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36
Q

What forms the Vesicouterine pouch?

A

Between the urinary bladder and the uterus

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37
Q

What forms the Rectouterine pouch?

A

Between the rectum and the uterus

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38
Q

Where in the body are the ovaries and the fallopian tubes?

A

They are always posterior

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39
Q

What does the fornix do?

A

Cups the uterus

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40
Q

What happens at the fornix in terms of semen?

A

The coagulated semen goes toward the fornix and stays there and gets liquified

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41
Q

When is the Parietal Peritoneum called the Broad Ligament of the uterus?

A

When it drapes over the parietal reproductive tract including the uterus, the fallopian tubes and the ovaries

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42
Q

What does Ligament mean in terms of parietal peritoneum?

A

It mean thickening of parietal peritoneum

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43
Q

Why do the ureters need to go deep?

A

Because they need to go under the broad ligament in order to get to the urinary bladder

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44
Q

Where do the ovaries come from in terms of development?

A

The abdomen, just like the testes in males

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45
Q

Where does the vasculature of the ovary originate?

A

In the abdominal aorta

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46
Q

What artery from the abdominal aorta supplies the ovaries?

A

The ovarian arteries

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47
Q

What do the end of the Ovarian Arteries and Vein need to pierce through and why?

A

Through the peritoneum in order to access the ovarian

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48
Q

Why do the Ovarian arteries and veins become known as suspensory ligament?

A

Because they have to pierce the parietal peritoneum

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49
Q

What is the Suspensory Ligament?

A

The Ovarian Artery and Vein that pierce the parietal peritoneum to get to the ovary

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50
Q

What is found within the suspensory ligament?

A

Ovarian arteries and veins

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51
Q

What is found within the ovarian ligament?

A

Nothing it is just a thickening

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52
Q

What anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

The Ovarian ligament

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53
Q

What are the projections on the Infundibulum?

A

Fimbriae

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54
Q

What do the Fimbriae do?

A

Swoop the gametes into the tube

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55
Q

Where does the Vas Deferens enlarge?

A

At the ampulla

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56
Q

What is the enlargement of the Fallopian tube known as?

A

The ampulla

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57
Q

What is the Ampulla the site for in the female reproductive system?

A

Fertilization

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58
Q

What is the Isthmus?

A

The part of the fallopian tube that gets closer to the uterus

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59
Q

What is the Intramural?

A

The part of the fallopian tube that enters the uterus

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60
Q

Where does the Round ligament connect?

A

From the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall

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61
Q

What are the three divisions of the Broad Ligament?

A
  • Mesosalpinx (Tube)
  • Mesovarium (Ovary)
  • Mesometrium (Uterus - Endometrium)
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62
Q

What is the Broad Ligament called when it is covering the uterine tube?

A

Mesosalpinx

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63
Q

What does the Mesosalpinx cover?

A

The Uterine tube

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64
Q

Which part of the Broad ligament covers the ovary?

A

The Mesovarium

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65
Q

What is the broad ligament called when it covers the ovary?

A

The Mesovarium

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66
Q

What is the Broad ligament called when it covers the uterus - endometrium?

A

The Mesometrium

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67
Q

What is the Mesometrium?

A

The part of the broad ligament that covers the uterus - endometrium

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68
Q

Where do the Suspensory ligaments of the ovary come from?

A

The come from the Aorta and the inferior vena cava

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69
Q

What do the Suspensory Ligaments anchor?

A

The part of the ovary that is associated with abdominal wall

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70
Q

Where in terms of position is the round ligament?

A

Anterior

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71
Q

What does the round ligament anchor?

A

The uterus to the anterior abdominal wall

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72
Q

What does the Transverse Ligament do?

A

Anchors the uterus the lateral walls

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73
Q

What vasculature is found in the Transverse ligament?

A

The uterine vessels

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74
Q

What does the Ureteral Sacral ligament connect to?

A

They go from the uterus to the sacrum and anchor it posteriorly

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75
Q

What anchors the uterus posteriorly?

A

The Uterosacral ligament

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76
Q

What anchors the uterus anteriorly?

A

The round ligament

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77
Q

What anchors the uterus laterally?

A

The transverse ligament

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78
Q

What ligaments do the ovaries have?

A

The suspensory ligament and the ovarian ligament

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79
Q

Which ligaments suspend the uterus?

A
  • Uterosacral ligament
  • Transverse ligament
  • Round ligament
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80
Q

Which ligament is equivalent in males?

A

The round ligament

81
Q

What kind of gland is the ovary?

A

An endocrine gland

82
Q

What brings vasculature to the ovary?

A

The suspensory ligament and the mesovarium

83
Q

What anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

The ovarian ligament

83
Q

What anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

The ovarian ligament

84
Q

What does the Ovary shrink with?

A

Time

85
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

The gametes and sex hormones

86
Q

What is the function of Estrogen and Progesterone?

A
  • Regulates functions of reproductive (& other) system
  • Generate secondary sex characteristics
  • Generate sex drive
  • Maintenance of uterus lining (endometrium)
  • Stimulates growth and metabolism throughout the body
  • Influence brain development
87
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in females?

A
  • Armpit and pubic hair
  • Distribution of fat
  • Development of mammary glands
88
Q

What are sex hormones also important for?

A

Bone and muscle development

89
Q

What overall occurs in a vasectomy?

A

The vas deferens is cut but sperm and testosterone are still produced but the sperm is just reabsorbed

90
Q

What occurs overall in a hysterectomy?

A

Removal of the uterus leaving the ovaries behind to so that the production of sex hormones is still present

91
Q

What is Oogeneis?

A

The production of gametes

92
Q

What is the biggest difference in the production of gametes between males and females?

A

Males have the germ cells but they don’t go through mitosis and meiosis until puberty. Females are born with all of their gametes. So males can produce gametes forever

93
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

The cells that are associated with oocytes

94
Q

Why are the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus important in females?

A

Because the levels of FSH and LH need to be adjusted and monitored because they change month to month

95
Q

When does the production of female gametes begin?

A

In utero

96
Q

Where does the first differentiation of female gametes occur?

A

In utero

97
Q

What is the equivalent of spermatogonium in females?

A

Oogonium

98
Q

What is the first name of the gamete in Oogenesis?

A

Oogonium

99
Q

What is an Oogonium called after it undergoes mitosis?

A

Primary Oocyte

100
Q

What does an Oogonium undergo?

A

Mitosis to form a primary occyte

101
Q

What process does the Primary oocyte undergo?

A

Meiosis

102
Q

What is strange about the Meiosis of the Primary Oocyte?

A

It starts meiosis but does not finish meiosis

103
Q

What is oogenesis like at birth?

A

Primary oocytes are suspended in meiosis I

104
Q

What is meant by follicle of a Primary Oocyte?

A

There are cells are the gamete that specialize and differentiate

105
Q

What is needed to complete the first stage of meiosis of the Primary Oocyte?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) at puberty

106
Q

When does Meiosis of the Primary Oocyte continue and what is it induced by?

A

At puberty induced by the FSH

107
Q

When is the first stage of meiosis of the primary oocyte complete?

A

At puberty

108
Q

What does a Primary Oocyte become known as one it finishes meiosis?

A

An ovum

109
Q

How many daughter cells does a Primary Oocyte give?

A

One Ovum

110
Q

How many sperm do one spermatocyte give after meiosis?

A

Four sperm

111
Q

Why does Meiosis I only give one ovum from a Primary Oocyte?

A

Because one oocyte takes all the cytoplasm and mitochondria and the rest become polar bodies

112
Q

Which hormone causes ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone

113
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte/ovum at ovulation?

A

It starts meiosis II

114
Q

When does the secondary oocyte/ovum start meiosis II?

A

At ovulation

115
Q

What is the state of the secondary oocyte/ovum at ovulation?

A

It is suspended in meiosis II

116
Q

When does Meiosis II complete?

A

When there is fertilization of the ovum

117
Q

What is a secondary oocyte/ovum called once it is fertilized?

A

a mature ovum

118
Q

Why does the mature ovum have a lot of cytoplasm?

A

To feed the nucleus of the ovum and sperm

119
Q

What happens if there is no fertilization?

A

The secondary oocyte/ovum never undergoes meiosis II and menses occurs

120
Q

Where do the ovarian vessels enter the Ovary?

A

At the Hilum

121
Q

What happens in the Cortex of the ovary?

A

The development of oocytes

122
Q

What occurs in the medulla of the ovary?

A

There are capillaries that receive all the hormones produced

123
Q

What is the white coat of the Ovary?

A

The tunica albuginea

124
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea of the Ovary?

A

A connective tissue that protects the ovary

125
Q

What is the meaning of Follicular Stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicles around the gamete grow and differentiate at different moments or they are given different names as they do different things

126
Q

What are females born with?

A

All of their gametes and all of their primordial follicles around them

127
Q

What are the four stages of follicles?

A
  • Primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Mature (Graafian) follicle
128
Q

Which follicles are present at birth?

A

Primordial follicles

129
Q

How often does the four cycles of follicles occur?

A

Every month

130
Q

After ovulation, what are the cells that stay around the ovum called?

A

Corona radiata

131
Q

What are the follicles important for before ovulation?

A

Producing estrogen

132
Q

What happens to the follicles left in the ovary after ovulation?

A

They become a corpus luteum

133
Q

What hormone does the Corpus Luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

134
Q

What is Progesterone important for?

A

Making of the uterine lining

135
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization?

A

It becomes scar tissue

136
Q

What is Corpus Albicans?

A

The scar tissue that the corpus luteum forms if no fertilization occurs

137
Q

What is the state of the oocyte when an individual is born?

A

The oocyte is a primary oocyte and is suspended in meiosis I

138
Q

What surrounds the primary oocyte in the cortex of the ovary?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium Follicle cells

139
Q

What kind of tissues are the Follicle cells that surround a primary oocyte?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

140
Q

What is Primordial Follicle?

A

A primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells made of simple squamous epithelium

141
Q

What are Primordial Follicles waiting for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormones to stimulate further development

142
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

The follicle around the oocyte

143
Q

What does FSH do to the Primordial follicles?

A

Causes them to mature and become granulosa cells and specialize into theca cells

144
Q

What are the endocrine cells in the ovary?

A

Theca cells

145
Q

What hormone do Theca cells produce?

A

Estrogen

146
Q

What does the oocyte do with the granulosa cells?

A

Produces a basal membrane called Zona Pellucida

147
Q

What is Zona Pellucida?

A

The basal membrane that the oocyte and the granulosa produce to make a protein coat around the oocyte

148
Q

What is the follicle called once there is division of the follicle cells stimulated by FSH?

A

It goes from being a Primordial follicle to a primary follicle

149
Q

What does the Primary Follicle consist of?

A
  • Primary oocyte
  • Zona pellucida (protein coat)
  • Granulosa cells (cuboidal cells)
  • Theca cells (endocrine cells)
150
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida made of?

A

Protein

151
Q

What is the state of the oocyte while in the primary follicle?

A

It is still suspended in meiosis I

152
Q

What is Antrum?

A

Fluid produced by follicle cells that is protein rich and sticky

153
Q

While in the secondary and primary follicle what hormone is being produced?

A

Estrogen

154
Q

What does the Estrogen produced by the Theca cells of the secondary follicle do?

A

Supports the regrowth of the endometrium after menstruation

155
Q

In what stage is Antrum produced?

A

In the secondary follicle stage

156
Q

What is the follicular stage after Secondary Follicle?

A

Mature follicle

157
Q

What is the stage of the Antrum during Mature follicle development?

A

It is huge

158
Q

During what follicular stage does the oocyte complete meiosis I?

A

During the mature follicle stage right before ovulation

159
Q

What is the Oocyte called during the Mature Follicle stage?

A

A secondary oocyte/ovum since it has completed meiosis I

160
Q

What do the Granulosa cells form during mature Follicle development?

A

Cumulus oophorus which lifts up the oocyte

161
Q

What do the Theca and Granulosa cells do to the cortex and peritoneum during mature follicle development?

A

They secrete enzymes that chew through the cortex and then through the parietal peritoneum

162
Q

What happens overall to the oocyte during mature follicle development?

A

The cumulus orphus dies off the the oocyte become free floating in the Antrum surrounded by corona radiata

163
Q

What keeps feeding the oocyte as it waits to get fertilized?

A

The Granulosa cells of corona radiata

164
Q

Which hormone is required for ovulation?

A

LH

165
Q

What does LH need to be released?

A

A large amount of estrogen

166
Q

What does the large amount of estrogen released by the developing follicles do?

A

Stimulate LH to be released which allows for ovulation

167
Q

Which hormone is required for ovulation?

A

LH

168
Q

How many days does it take to go from Primordial follicle to ovulation?

A

14 days

169
Q

Which cells chew through the ovary and the parietal peritoneum during ovulation?

A

Theca and granulosa cells

170
Q

Why is the fluid around the ovum after ovulation sticky?

A

So that it can stick to the ovary and be swept up by fimbriae

171
Q

After ovulation, what hormone do the theca and granulosa cells produce?

A

Progesterone

172
Q

What is Progesterone important for?

A

To keep luteinizing hormone present to build to uterine lining

173
Q

What hormone is produced instead of LH after implantation?

A

hCG

174
Q

What forms the corpus luteum after ovulation?

A

The leftover follicle cells

175
Q

What hormones does the Corpus Luteum produce?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

176
Q

What does the Progesterone released by the corpus luteum do?

A

Prepares the endometrium for implantation of the embryo

177
Q

Which hormones are required for the maintenance of the endometrium?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

178
Q

How does the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary to release FSH?

A

By releasing GnRH

179
Q

What does FSH released by the pituitary do?

A

Cause maturation of the follicles

180
Q

What hormone does the maturation of the follicles produce?

A

Estrogen

181
Q

How does the Estrogen released by the maturing follicle affect the hypothalamus?

A

It causes the hypothalamus to tell the pituitary to stop releasing FSH and start producing LH

182
Q

What does the LH produce cause?

A

Ovulation

183
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce after ovulation?

A

Progesterone

184
Q

What stops the corpus luteum from producing progesterone and estrogen?

A

Its degeneration after twelve days

185
Q

What is the Fallopian (uterine) tube stabilized by?

A

The Mesosalpinx

186
Q

What brings vasculature to the Fallopian (uterine) tube?

A

The mesosalpinx

187
Q

What does the smooth muscle of the Fallopian (uterine) tube do?

A

Pushes the gametes or zygote along and stimulate secretions that feed the gamete

188
Q

What causes the smooth muscle in the Fimbriae to contract?

A

High amounts of estrogen

189
Q

What kind of epithelium is at the Fimbriae?

A

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium

190
Q

What do the ciliated cells do in males?

A

They are absorptive cells and absorb a lot of the secretions from the sertoli cells

191
Q

In addition to transporting to Oocyte what do the cilia in the fallopian tube do?

A

They secrete mucus to feed the gamete and potentially the zygote

192
Q

Why does the Ampulla have numerous folds?

A

In order to feed a potential zygote

193
Q

What is the Narrowest portion of the Fallopian tube?

A

The Isthmus

194
Q

What kind of cells does the Infundibulum consist of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated cells and secretory cells

195
Q

Which part of the Fallopian Tube has the most complex lining?

A

The Ampulla

196
Q

Which part of the Fallopian tube looks more like the vas deferens?

A

The Isthmus and intramural

197
Q

Which hormone maintains the placenta if there is implantation?

A

hCG

Anat (26 decks)

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