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Anat > Lecture 4: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Axial Skeleton?

A
  • Supportive and protective framework for internal organs
  • Skull houses special sensory organs
  • Vertebral column and ribs provide extensive attachment for muscles moving the head neck, trunk and limbs
  • Thoracic cage performs movement for respiration
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2
Q

What are the 3 bones in the ear?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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3
Q

What are the only bones fully formed at birth?

A

The bones of the middle ear

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4
Q

Where does the Hyoid bone sit?

A

Under the mandible

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5
Q

What is interesting about the Hyoid bone?

A

It only articulates with muscles and ligaments

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6
Q

What does the Nasal Concha do?

A

Warms the air as you breath

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7
Q

What is a Fossa?

A

A depression in bone

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8
Q

What does the Ramus of the Mandible articulate with?

A

The temporal mandibular bone

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9
Q

What are the parts of the Mandible?

A
  • Body
  • Ramus
  • Coronoid process
  • Mandibular condyle
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10
Q

What are the bones of the Neurocranium?

A
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Frontal
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11
Q

What are the bones of the Viscerocranium/face

‘

A
  • Mandible
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Palatine
  • Vomer
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
  • Inferior Nasal Concha
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12
Q

What are the 4 cavities of the skull?

A
  • Cranial cavity
  • Orbit
  • Nasal cavity
  • Oral cavity
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13
Q

What is housed in the Cranial Cavity?

A

The brain

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the Skull?

A
  • Neurocranium/cranium

* Viscerocranium/face

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15
Q

Which bones are part of the Neurocranium/Cranium?

A
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Frontal
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16
Q

Which bones are parts of the Viscerocranium/face?

A
  • Mandible
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Palatine
  • Vomer
  • Nasal
  • Lacrimal
  • Inferior nasal concha
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17
Q

How did the bones of the skull develop?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

What is housed in the Oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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19
Q

What are the 4 Paranasal Sinuses?

A

Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

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20
Q

What are the 4 Paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Mucus

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21
Q

What is the Fontanelle?

A

The spot where two sutures join on the skull to form the babies soft spot

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22
Q

What are the names of the Fontanelles?

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Sphenoid
  • Mastoid
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23
Q

How many bones are in the Vertebral column?

A

26 bones

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24
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the Vertebrae?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
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25
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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26
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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27
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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28
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused to make 1 sacrum

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29
Q

How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

3-5 fused to make one coccyx

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30
Q

Which curves of the spinal cord change direction after birth?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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31
Q

What is the function of the Articular process of the Vertebrae?

A

It articulates with the vertebrae on top and below

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32
Q

What is the function of the Vertebral Foramen?

A

It is where the spinal cord goes through

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33
Q

What is the Intervertebral joint?

A

The intervertebral disc attached between two adjacent vertebrae (secondary cartilaginous joint)

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34
Q

What kind of cartilage is the intervertebral joint made of?

A

Fibrocatilage

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35
Q

What kind of joint is the Zygapophyseal joint?

A

A synovial joint

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36
Q

What is the Zygapophyseal joint?

A

A joint between two adjacent articular processes (synovial joint) superior and inferior articular processes

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37
Q

What does the Vertebral Canal house?

A

The spinal cord and meninges

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38
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

the Intervertebral foramen

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39
Q

What occurs in Herniation?

A

A herniated intervertebral disc compresses a spinal nerve

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40
Q

What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc?

A

Annulus fibrosus

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41
Q

What is the innter part of the intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus, more watery and contain more ground substance

42
Q

What is the size of the Vertebral cana in the Cervical vertebrae?

A

It is very large because at that point the spinal cord is very large

43
Q

What does the Transverse Foramen allow for?

A

Allows for the passage of vertebral artery going up to supply the brain

44
Q

Why do Cervical vertebrae have holes?

A

To allow for arteries to pass to be able to feed the brain

45
Q

What is different about the Spinous process of Cervical Vertebrae?

A

They are bifid (split in two)

46
Q

What does having a Bifid spinous process allow for?

A

The movement of the neck

47
Q

What is the exception to the Bifid spinous process of Cervical vertebrae?

A

C7 has a single long prominent spinous process

48
Q

Why does C7 have a single spinous process?

A

It serves as a transition to the thorax

49
Q

What are the names of the first 2 Cervical vertebrae?

A
  • Atlas (C1)

* Axis (C2)

50
Q

What does C1 (Atlas) articulate with?

A

The condyle

51
Q

What is C1 lacking?

A

It lacks a body

52
Q

What does C2 have extra of?

A

It has a body and an extra process called a dens

53
Q

What is the Dens?

A

The extra process that C2 has

54
Q

What joint is at the Atlas?

A

A synovial joint

55
Q

What movement of the next does the Atlas allow?

A

Flexion of the neck to move yes or no

56
Q

What is the Joint that the Atlas has?

A

The Atlanto Occipital joint

57
Q

Describe the Atlanto-Occipital joint

A

A synovial joint between occipital condyles and C1 which allows flexion of the neck (up and down)

58
Q

What movement does the Atlanto-Occipital joint allow for?

A

Allows flexion of the neck (up and down)

59
Q

What is the joint between C1 and C2 known as?

A

The Atlanto-axial joint

60
Q

What is the Atlanto-Axial joint?

A

A synovial joint between C1 and C2 that allows the head to turn side to side

61
Q

What movement does the Atlanto-Axial joint allow for?

A

Movement of the head side to side

62
Q

What are all the cervical joints after C1 and C2 known as?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

63
Q

Describe Zygapophyseal joints?

A

They are Synovial joints sloped from anterior ro posterior

64
Q

What are the joints between vertebrae called?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

65
Q

What kind of Movement do Zygapophyseal joints allow for?

A

Lateral flexion

66
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 Thoracic vertebrae

67
Q

What is each thoracic vertebrae associated with?

A

A rib

68
Q

Which vertebrae are associated with ribs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

Why do Thoracic vertebrae need two joints?

A

One is associated with the ribs and one is associated with the next vertebrae

70
Q

What are the two joints that Thoracic vertebrae have?

A
  • Costovertebral joints

* Zygapophyseal joints

71
Q

What is the size of the Vertebral foramen in Thoracic vertebrae?

A

They have a smaller foramen for lesser amounts of spinal cord

72
Q

Describe the spinous process of Thoracic vertebrae?

A

It is NOT bifid it is just a singular process

73
Q

What is the slope Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

They slope down

74
Q

Why do Thoracic Vertebrae slope down?

A

To limit movement

75
Q

Describe the joints of the Thoracic Vertebrae?

A

They are vertical (straight up) to allow for rotation of the Thorax

76
Q

What are Costovertebral joints?

A

Two synovial joints between thoracic vertebra and associated rib

77
Q

What do Costal Facets allow for?

A

They allow the rib to move during respiration by changing thoracic cage volume

78
Q

What are the thoracic Zygapophyseal joints?

A

The joints between the Thoracic vertebrae that allow for some rotation of the thorax

79
Q

What type of joints are Costovertebral joints?

A

Synovial joints

80
Q

What are the three bones that make up the Sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
81
Q

What makes of the Thoracic cage?

A
  • Sternum
  • Ribs and Costal Cartilage
  • Thoracic vertebrae
82
Q

What is the Xiphoid process?

A

The very end of the sternum

83
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

24 ribs

84
Q

What is the most common cartilage found in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

85
Q

What kind of cartilage is the Costal cartilage made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

86
Q

What do the first 7 ribs attach to?

A

The Sternum

87
Q

What are the first 7 ribs known as?

A

True ribs

88
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 that attach to the sternum

89
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 that attach to the sternum

90
Q

What forms the Costal margin?

A

Where ribs 8-10 merge

91
Q

What are the False ribs?

A

Ribs 8, 9 and 10

92
Q

What do ribs 11-12 attach to?

A

Only to the thoracic vertebrae they have no cartilage

93
Q

What does the Head of the rib articulate with?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

94
Q

Where does the Tubercle of the rib attach to?

A

The facet of the transverse process

95
Q

What is in the Costal groove?

A

•Nerve
•Artery
•Vein
That run under the rib from the intervertebral foramen

96
Q

Why is the Lumbar vertebrae body so large?

A

Because it supports a lot of the body weight

97
Q

Why do lumbar vertebrae have large processes?

A

For strong muscles

98
Q

What is the shape of Lumbar Facets?

A

They are pretty much curved

99
Q

What do the curved facets of lumbar vertebrae cause?

A

Very little rotation

100
Q

How many vertebrae did the sacrum have before fusing together?

A

5

101
Q

What is the Sacral Promontory?

A

The stage where the 5th lumbar vertebrae articulates with the Sacrum

102
Q

What is the Auricular surface?

A

The part of the Sacrum that articulates with the Pelvis

Anat (26 decks)

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