Lecture 4: Axial Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the Axial Skeleton?
A
- Supportive and protective framework for internal organs
- Skull houses special sensory organs
- Vertebral column and ribs provide extensive attachment for muscles moving the head neck, trunk and limbs
- Thoracic cage performs movement for respiration
2
Q
What are the 3 bones in the ear?
A
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
3
Q
What are the only bones fully formed at birth?
A
The bones of the middle ear
4
Q
Where does the Hyoid bone sit?
A
Under the mandible
5
Q
What is interesting about the Hyoid bone?
A
It only articulates with muscles and ligaments
6
Q
What does the Nasal Concha do?
A
Warms the air as you breath
7
Q
What is a Fossa?
A
A depression in bone
8
Q
What does the Ramus of the Mandible articulate with?
A
The temporal mandibular bone
9
Q
What are the parts of the Mandible?
A
- Body
- Ramus
- Coronoid process
- Mandibular condyle
10
Q
What are the bones of the Neurocranium?
A
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
11
Q
What are the bones of the Viscerocranium/face
‘
A
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Vomer
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Inferior Nasal Concha
12
Q
What are the 4 cavities of the skull?
A
- Cranial cavity
- Orbit
- Nasal cavity
- Oral cavity
13
Q
What is housed in the Cranial Cavity?
A
The brain
14
Q
What are the two divisions of the Skull?
A
- Neurocranium/cranium
* Viscerocranium/face
15
Q
Which bones are part of the Neurocranium/Cranium?
A
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
16
Q
Which bones are parts of the Viscerocranium/face?
A
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Vomer
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Inferior nasal concha
17
Q
How did the bones of the skull develop?
A
Intramembranous ossification
18
Q
What is housed in the Oral cavity?
A
Tongue
19
Q
What are the 4 Paranasal Sinuses?
A
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
20
Q
What are the 4 Paranasal sinuses lined with?
A
Mucus
21
Q
What is the Fontanelle?
A
The spot where two sutures join on the skull to form the babies soft spot
22
Q
What are the names of the Fontanelles?
A
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Sphenoid
- Mastoid
23
Q
How many bones are in the Vertebral column?
A
26 bones
24
Q
What are the 5 divisions of the Vertebrae?
A
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
25
How many Cervical vertebrae are there?
7
26
How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
27
How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
28
How many Sacral vertebrae are there?
5 fused to make 1 sacrum
29
How many Coccygeal vertebrae are there?
3-5 fused to make one coccyx
30
Which curves of the spinal cord change direction after birth?
Cervical and Lumbar
31
What is the function of the Articular process of the Vertebrae?
It articulates with the vertebrae on top and below
32
What is the function of the Vertebral Foramen?
It is where the spinal cord goes through
33
What is the Intervertebral joint?
The intervertebral disc attached between two adjacent vertebrae (secondary cartilaginous joint)
34
What kind of cartilage is the intervertebral joint made of?
Fibrocatilage
35
What kind of joint is the Zygapophyseal joint?
A synovial joint
36
What is the Zygapophyseal joint?
A joint between two adjacent articular processes (synovial joint) superior and inferior articular processes
37
What does the Vertebral Canal house?
The spinal cord and meninges
38
Where do the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?
the Intervertebral foramen
39
What occurs in Herniation?
A herniated intervertebral disc compresses a spinal nerve
40
What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus
41
What is the innter part of the intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus, more watery and contain more ground substance
42
What is the size of the Vertebral cana in the Cervical vertebrae?
It is very large because at that point the spinal cord is very large
43
What does the Transverse Foramen allow for?
Allows for the passage of vertebral artery going up to supply the brain
44
Why do Cervical vertebrae have holes?
To allow for arteries to pass to be able to feed the brain
45
What is different about the Spinous process of Cervical Vertebrae?
They are bifid (split in two)
46
What does having a Bifid spinous process allow for?
The movement of the neck
47
What is the exception to the Bifid spinous process of Cervical vertebrae?
C7 has a single long prominent spinous process
48
Why does C7 have a single spinous process?
It serves as a transition to the thorax
49
What are the names of the first 2 Cervical vertebrae?
* Atlas (C1)
| * Axis (C2)
50
What does C1 (Atlas) articulate with?
The condyle
51
What is C1 lacking?
It lacks a body
52
What does C2 have extra of?
It has a body and an extra process called a dens
53
What is the Dens?
The extra process that C2 has
54
What joint is at the Atlas?
A synovial joint
55
What movement of the next does the Atlas allow?
Flexion of the neck to move yes or no
56
What is the Joint that the Atlas has?
The Atlanto Occipital joint
57
Describe the Atlanto-Occipital joint
A synovial joint between occipital condyles and C1 which allows flexion of the neck (up and down)
58
What movement does the Atlanto-Occipital joint allow for?
Allows flexion of the neck (up and down)
59
What is the joint between C1 and C2 known as?
The Atlanto-axial joint
60
What is the Atlanto-Axial joint?
A synovial joint between C1 and C2 that allows the head to turn side to side
61
What movement does the Atlanto-Axial joint allow for?
Movement of the head side to side
62
What are all the cervical joints after C1 and C2 known as?
Zygapophyseal joints
63
Describe Zygapophyseal joints?
They are Synovial joints sloped from anterior ro posterior
64
What are the joints between vertebrae called?
Zygapophyseal joints
65
What kind of Movement do Zygapophyseal joints allow for?
Lateral flexion
66
How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 Thoracic vertebrae
67
What is each thoracic vertebrae associated with?
A rib
68
Which vertebrae are associated with ribs?
Thoracic vertebrae
69
Why do Thoracic vertebrae need two joints?
One is associated with the ribs and one is associated with the next vertebrae
70
What are the two joints that Thoracic vertebrae have?
* Costovertebral joints
| * Zygapophyseal joints
71
What is the size of the Vertebral foramen in Thoracic vertebrae?
They have a smaller foramen for lesser amounts of spinal cord
72
Describe the spinous process of Thoracic vertebrae?
It is NOT bifid it is just a singular process
73
What is the slope Thoracic Vertebrae?
They slope down
74
Why do Thoracic Vertebrae slope down?
To limit movement
75
Describe the joints of the Thoracic Vertebrae?
They are vertical (straight up) to allow for rotation of the Thorax
76
What are Costovertebral joints?
Two synovial joints between thoracic vertebra and associated rib
77
What do Costal Facets allow for?
They allow the rib to move during respiration by changing thoracic cage volume
78
What are the thoracic Zygapophyseal joints?
The joints between the Thoracic vertebrae that allow for some rotation of the thorax
79
What type of joints are Costovertebral joints?
Synovial joints
80
What are the three bones that make up the Sternum?
* Manubrium
* Body
* Xiphoid process
81
What makes of the Thoracic cage?
* Sternum
* Ribs and Costal Cartilage
* Thoracic vertebrae
82
What is the Xiphoid process?
The very end of the sternum
83
How many ribs are there?
24 ribs
84
What is the most common cartilage found in the body?
Hyaline cartilage
85
What kind of cartilage is the Costal cartilage made of?
Hyaline cartilage
86
What do the first 7 ribs attach to?
The Sternum
87
What are the first 7 ribs known as?
True ribs
88
What are true ribs?
Ribs 1-7 that attach to the sternum
89
What are true ribs?
Ribs 1-7 that attach to the sternum
90
What forms the Costal margin?
Where ribs 8-10 merge
91
What are the False ribs?
Ribs 8, 9 and 10
92
What do ribs 11-12 attach to?
Only to the thoracic vertebrae they have no cartilage
93
What does the Head of the rib articulate with?
Thoracic vertebrae
94
Where does the Tubercle of the rib attach to?
The facet of the transverse process
95
What is in the Costal groove?
•Nerve
•Artery
•Vein
That run under the rib from the intervertebral foramen
96
Why is the Lumbar vertebrae body so large?
Because it supports a lot of the body weight
97
Why do lumbar vertebrae have large processes?
For strong muscles
98
What is the shape of Lumbar Facets?
They are pretty much curved
99
What do the curved facets of lumbar vertebrae cause?
Very little rotation
100
How many vertebrae did the sacrum have before fusing together?
5
101
What is the Sacral Promontory?
The stage where the 5th lumbar vertebrae articulates with the Sacrum
102
What is the Auricular surface?
The part of the Sacrum that articulates with the Pelvis
