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Anat > Lecture 19: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system a series of?

A

Discrete glands, that you can see

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2
Q

What makes endocrine tissues different from glands?

A

They are just tissues, not discrete glands and are integrated into other tissue and they have endocrine properties

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3
Q

Where are Endocrine Tissues found?

A
  • Digestive tract
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Adipose tissue
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4
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands and tissues of the body that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into blood directly or via interstitial fluid or lymph

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5
Q

How do the endocrine system and the nervous system work together?

A

They both regulate processes in the body

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6
Q

What are the two types of Glands?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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7
Q

What do Exocrine glands do?

A

Release their secretions into ducts that carry the secretions to an epithelial surface

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8
Q

What do Endocrine glands do?

A

Release their secretions into blood (directly or via interstitial fluid)

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9
Q

What are examples of Exocrine glands?

A

Sweat, Mammary, Salivary

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10
Q

What are examples of Endocrine glands?

A

Thyroid, Pituitary, Adrenal

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11
Q

What does Glandular Epithelium consist of?

A

Specialized cells that synthesize, store, and secrete chemical substances

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12
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

A chemical messenger

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13
Q

What are hormones produced and secreted by?

A

Endocrine cells

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14
Q

How does a Hormone facilitate acting on specific target cells?

A

They can only bind to cells with certain receptors

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15
Q

What do Hormones travel through?

A

The blood

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16
Q

What are signals sent by in the Nervous system?

A

Neurons

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17
Q

What are signals sent by in the Endocrine system?

A

Endocrine glandular cells

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18
Q

How are signals conducted in the nervous system?

A

Electrical impulses are conducted along axons + neurotransmitters

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19
Q

How are signals conducted in the Endocrine system?

A

They are circulated in the bloodstream

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20
Q

What is the difference in specificity in the Nervous and Endocrine system?

A

The nervous system is highly specific and the endocrine system has widespread activity

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21
Q

What is the difference in duration between the Nervous and Endocrine system?

A

The nervous system has short term activity and the endocrine system has a long duration

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22
Q

How is there interaction between the nervous and endocrine system?

A
  • The nervous system can control the endocrine system, especially though the pituitary glands
  • Hormones can also feedback and affect neural function
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23
Q

Which chemical messengers do both neurons and gland cells secrete?

A

Adrenaline and Vasopressin (ADH)

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24
Q

What do hybrids between and endocrine cell and a neuron do?

A

They conduct electrical signals but release a hormone at the end

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25
Q

What are the four classes of hormones?

A
  • Amino acid derivatives
  • Peptide hormones
  • Steroid hormones
  • Eicosanoid hormones
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26
Q

What is an example of an amino acid derivative hormone?

A

Adrenaline

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27
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone?

A

Oxytocin

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28
Q

What is an example of a steroid hormone?

A

Estrogen

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29
Q

What is an example of an Eicosanoid hormone?

A

Prostaglandins

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30
Q

What are Steroid Hormones mainly built from?

A

Cholesterol

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31
Q

What are Eicosanoid hormones derived from?

A

Fatty acids

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32
Q

What is unique about Eicosanoid hormones?

A

They really only work at short distances in paracrine and autocrine functions

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33
Q

What is blocked when taking aspirin or advil?

A

Prostaglandins

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34
Q

What do Thyroid Hormones do?

A

Elevate cellular oxygen use and metabolic rate

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35
Q

What are Thyroid hormones important for?

A

Growth and development

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36
Q

Where does the Thyroid gland sit?

A

Anterior to the trachea, inferior to the larynx

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37
Q

What is the Thyroid gland anchored to?

A

The first 2-3 tracheal rings

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38
Q

Why does the Thyroid Gland have a large blood supply?

A

Because its purpose is to secrete things into the blood

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39
Q

What does a Thyroid follicle consist of?

A

An outer capsule of follicular cells (T thyrocytes) and an inner cavity filled with colloid

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40
Q

What is Colloid?

A

A viscous protein rich fluid found inside follicles

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41
Q

What does Colloid contain?

A

The precursor of Thyroid hormones

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42
Q

What is the Precursor of Thyroid hormones found in the colloid called?

A

Thyroglobulin

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43
Q

What do T Thyrocyte (follicular) cells do?

A

Synthesize T thyrocytes into the lumen of the follicle

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44
Q

What is the relationship between Iodine and the Thyroid?

A

Iodine is actively transported into the Thyroid follicle and enzymes attach the Iodine molecules onto the Thyroglobulin protein

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45
Q

How does Thyroglobulin become activated?

A

Thyrocytes bring the thyroglobulin back into the cell from the lumen and combine it with enzymes that break apart the thyroglobulin and some of those parts that are produced are T3 and T4 which go into the blood

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46
Q

What are the hormones released by the thyroid?

A

T3 and T4

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47
Q

What are T3 and T4 derivatives of?

A

The amino acid tyrosine

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48
Q

What is the main hormone released by the thyroid?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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49
Q

What is the more active hormone released from the Thyroid?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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50
Q

What do both T4 and T3 do?

A

Regulate metabolism

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51
Q

Where does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) come from?

A

The pituitary

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52
Q

What causes the Pituitary to release TSH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

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53
Q

What inhibits the thyroid from releasing T4 and T3?

A

Increased levels of T4 and T3 in the blood that tell the pituitary and the thyroid to stop releasing TSH and TRH

54
Q

Where does the Pituitary sit?

A

In the bony sella turcica

55
Q

What is the other name for the Pituitary Gland?

A

Hypophysis

56
Q

What is the Pituitary connected to the brain by?

A

The infundibulum

57
Q

What are the two parts of the Pituitary?

A

The Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) and the Neurohypophysis (Posterior lobe)

58
Q

What does the adenohypophysis look like?

A

Glandular tissue anywhere else

59
Q

What does the Neurohypophysis contain?

A

Nerve terminals

60
Q

What is a Portal System?

A

When there is a vein connecting to a capillary bed

61
Q

What is the Primary Capillary Plexus?

A

The portion of the anterior pituitary that the nerve fibers terminate on

62
Q

What is the Primary Capillary Plexus supplied by?

A

The Superior Hypophyseal artery

63
Q

How does the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System work?

A

The neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release neurotransmitters into, the primary capillary plexus which then goes to the secondary capillary plexus which secretes hormones through the efferent veins

64
Q

What are the Anterior Pituitary hormones?

A
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)/Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
65
Q

What does Human Growth Hormone do?

A

Stimulates body growth and metabolism

66
Q

What does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone do?

A

Controls Thyroid gland function

67
Q

What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone/ Luteinizing Hormone do?

A

Control secretion of sex hormones and production of gametes

68
Q

What does Prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk production

69
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone do?

A

Controls hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex

70
Q

What does Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone do?

A

Stimulates melanin secretion

71
Q

How does the Neurohypophysis work?

A

Neurosecretory cells travel all the way to the capillary plexus of the neurohypophysis and secrete their neurotransmitters into the blood which then cause hormones to go into circulation

72
Q

What are the Posterior Pituitary Hormones?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin

73
Q

What does Vasopressin (ADH) do?

A

Regulates the concentration of urine, regulate blood pressure

74
Q

What is Vasopressin (ADH) made by?

A

Neurons of the supraoptic nucleus

75
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  • Stimulate uterine contraction during childbirth

* Stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

76
Q

What is Oxytocin made by?

A

Neurons of the Paraventricular nucleus

77
Q

What does the Adrenocorticotropic hormone act on?

A

The adrenal glands

78
Q

What are the outer and inner part of the adrenal glands known as?

A

The Cortex and the Medulla

79
Q

Where do a lot of the Steroid Hormones come from?

A

The Cortex of the adrenal gland

80
Q

What are the three different zones of the Cortex from outside to inside?

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Reticularis
81
Q

Which part of the cortex of the adrenal glands respond to ACTH?

A

The zona Fasciculata

82
Q

What does the Zona Fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

83
Q

What type of Hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?

A

Steroid hormones derived from Cholesterol

84
Q

What is an example of a Glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

85
Q

What are Glucocorticoids used for?

A

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties

86
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralcorticorticoids

87
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A
  • Controls electrolyte balance
  • Increases renal absorption of Na and H2O
  • Decreases renal absorption of K+
88
Q

What is an example of a Mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

89
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens

90
Q

What do Androgens (sex hormones) do?

A
  • Stimulate growth of pubic hair

* Important source of testosterone in adult females

91
Q

What hormones does the Zona Reticularis produce?

A

Androgens

92
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons on the sympathetic nervous system sit?

A

In the spinal cord

93
Q

What stimulates the adrenal glands?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the medulla

94
Q

What is another name for Neuroendocrine cells

A

Chromaffin cells

95
Q

What do the Chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla release?

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline into the blood

96
Q

What are the Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

97
Q

What do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do?

A
  • Increase cardiac output
  • Increase blood pressure
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Effect release of lipids from adipose tissue
98
Q

What are the preganglionic neurons that stimulate the adrenal medulla activated by?

A

The Hypothalamus

99
Q

What is the fast way to respond to a stressful situation?

A

Through the sympathetic neurons to the adrenal medulla causing release of epinephrine or adrenaline

100
Q

What is the slow way to respond to a stressful situation?

A

From the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary release ACTH which goes to the adrenal cortex and lead to the release of glucocorticoids

101
Q

What type of Gland is the pancreas?

A

Both an endocrine and an exocrine gland

102
Q

What do the Exocrine Glandular cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

103
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes secreted into?

A

The small intestine

104
Q

What are Islet cells?

A

Islands of endocrine cells in the pancreas surrounded by exocrine cells

105
Q

Why do Islet cells have substantial blood flow around them?

A

To collect the hormones produced by the cells

106
Q

What are the three different types of cells found in the islet of the pancreas?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
107
Q

What do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

108
Q

What do Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon

109
Q

What do Delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

Somatostatin

110
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A
  • Stimulates glucose synthesis
  • Elevates blood glucose
  • Mobilizes lipid reserves
111
Q

What does Insulin do?

A
  • Stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis and storage
  • Stimulates glucose uptake by cells
  • Decreases blood glucose
112
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin

113
Q

What happens with insulin in diabetes mellitus?

A

There is an inability to produce or use insulin

114
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)

* Excretion of glucose in urine

115
Q

What occurs in type I diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease destroys insulin secreting cells of islets

116
Q

What occurs in Type II diabetes?

A
  • There is a combination of insulin-resistance and insulin secretory defects
  • Target cells become less sensitive to diabetes
117
Q

How can Type II diabetes be treated?

A

Diet, exercise and weight loss

118
Q

Where are the Parathyroid glands found?

A

Right behind the thyroid

119
Q

What is the purpose of the Parathyroid gland?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone which elevates calcium levels in the blood

120
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland work?

A

It removes calcium deposition in bone so that it can go into the blood

121
Q

Which less essential hormone counteracts PTH?

A

Calcitonin

122
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

123
Q

What does Melatonin do?

A

Regulates the biological clock

124
Q

What do the hormones secreted by the Thymus gland do?

A

Promote the proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes

125
Q

What do the hormones secreted by the GI tract do?

A

Regulate the activity of the GI tract and digestive glands

126
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the kidneys?

A
  • Erythropoietin

* Renin

127
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

Increases RBC production

128
Q

What does Renin do?

A

Increases blood pressure

129
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the heart?

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide

130
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do?

A

Decreases blood pressue

131
Q

What hormone is secreted by the Adipose tissue?

A

Leptins

132
Q

What are Leptins?

A

A hormone appetite suppressant

Anat (26 decks)

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