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Anat > Lecture 21: Reproductive System I > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Reproductive System I Flashcards

1
Q

When does the Reproductive system become functional?

A

At puberty

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2
Q

What are a lot of the sex hormones also produced by?

A

The adrenal glands

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3
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Produce male gametes, testosterone, and seminal fluid
  • Temporary storage for spermatozoa
  • Delivery of spermatozoa to the female reproductive tract
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4
Q

What are the four divisions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Gonads: testes
  • Ducts
  • Penis
  • Accessory glands
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5
Q

What are the Gonads in the male reproductive system?

A

The testes

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6
Q

What are the Testes responsible for?

A

Production of sperm and male sex hormone (testosterone)

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7
Q

What are the Ducts responsible for?

A

Sperm storage, maturation and transportation

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8
Q

What is the Penis responsible for?

A

The common pathway for urine and semen

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9
Q

What are the accessory glands in the male reproductive system responsible for?

A
  • Production of seminal fluid

* Secretions function in maintenance and maturation of sperm

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10
Q

What separates the thorax and the abdomen?

A

The diaphragm

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11
Q

What separates the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity?

A

The parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

Where are the Pelvic organs all found in relation to the peritoneum?

A

They are all found outside the parietal peritoneum

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13
Q

What is the space between the urinary bladder and the rectum known as?

A

The Rectovesical pouch

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14
Q

What does the descending aorta divide into near the pelvic cavity?

A

The common iliac vessels

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15
Q

What are the two branches of the common iliac artery?

A

The external iliac and the internal iliac

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16
Q

Which artery supplies everything in the pelvic cavity?

A

The Internal Iliac artery

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17
Q

What is the Testis found within?

A

The scrotum

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18
Q

Why is the Testes found outside the body?

A

Because production of sperm needs to be at a cooler temperature than the temperature of the body

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19
Q

What occurs in the Epididymis?

A

Maturation of sperm

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20
Q

Which glands does the Vas Deferens combine with?

A
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral gland
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21
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

The vas deferens and the seminal vesicle

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22
Q

Where is the Bulbourethral gland?

A

Next to the membranous urethra

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23
Q

Which bone do we sit on?

A

Ischial Tuberosity

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24
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anal Triangle?

A

The ischial tuberosities and the coccyx

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25
Q

What is found in the Anal Triangle?

A

The anus

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26
Q

What is found in the Urogenital Triangle?

A

The scrotum and penis

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27
Q

Which nerve innervates all the Perineal muscles?

A

The Pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4)

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28
Q

Which muscle is in the Urogenital triangle?

A

External Urethral sphincter

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29
Q

What does the External Urethral Sphincter do?

A

Regulates the urethral opening for urinary continence

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30
Q

Which muscles are in the Anal Triangle?

A
  • Levator ani

* External anal sphincter

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31
Q

What kind of innervation do the External Anal Sphincter and the External Urethral Sphincter have?

A

Both have somatic innervation by the Pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4)

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32
Q

What does the External Anal Sphincter do?

A

Helps to regulate the opening of the anal canal

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33
Q

What does the Levator Ani do?

A

Supports pelvic organs (pelvic floor)

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34
Q

Which sphincter is more developed in males?

A

The external urethral sphincter

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35
Q

What do the muscles over erectile tissue do?

A

Increase blood flow to the genitalia to help with erection

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36
Q

What are the two parts of the penis?

A

The root and the body

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37
Q

Which part of the penis is the root?

A

The part that is attached to the body itself

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38
Q

What occurs in the body of the penis?

A

All the erectile tissue comes together

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39
Q

What are the two types of erectile tissue?

A
  • Corpora Cavernosa

* Corpus spongiosum

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40
Q

Why doesn’t the Corpus Spongiosum become completely hard?

A

Because that is where the urethra lies

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41
Q

What are the Crus called when they come together?

A

The Corpora cavernosa

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42
Q

What do the muscles around the erectile tissue do?

A

Contract in order to fill the erectile tissue

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43
Q

Which muscle is associated with the bulb and spongy erectile tissue?

A

Bulbospongiosus

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44
Q

Which muscle covers the Crus of the penis?

A

The ischiocavernosus muscle

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45
Q

What kind of muscle is the Ischiocavernosus muscles and the bulbospongiosus muscle made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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46
Q

What are the scrotal cavities separated by?

A

The scrotal septum

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47
Q

Where do the Gonads develop from?

A

The abdomen and descend down

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48
Q

Why does the vasculature of the testes come from the abdominal aorta?

A

Because the develop from the abdomen

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49
Q

Where do the Gonadal arteries come from?

A

The abdominal Aorta

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50
Q

What serous layers are found in the scrotal cavity?

A

A parietal and visceral serous layer

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51
Q

What is found in the Scrotal cavity?

A

The testis and the epididymis

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52
Q

Which muscle is the testis and epididymis wrapped in?

A

The cremaster muscle

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53
Q

What is the Cremaster muscle a continuation of?

A

The internal oblique muscle

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54
Q

What does the Cremaster muscle surround?

A
  • Spermatic cord
  • Testis
  • Epididymis
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55
Q

What does the Cremaster muscle do?

A

Contract and bring the testes up in response to cold temperature and contract in response to arousal

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56
Q

What is found in the Spermatic Cord?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus
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57
Q

What is the function of the Pampiniform plexus?

A
  • Temperature control by draining blood

* Circulate hormones in the blood stream

58
Q

Where does the Spermatic cord go through?

A

The inguinal canal

59
Q

What is the Inguinal canal formed from?

A

The inguinal ligament, the anterior superior iliac spine

60
Q

What is the Inguinal ring?

A

The opening from the abdominal canal?

61
Q

What does Semen consist of?

A
  • Spermatozoa/sperm (gametes)

* Secretions of accessory glands (seminal fluid)

62
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm

63
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

In the Testes

64
Q

What occurs in the Epididymis?

A

Maturation of sperm

65
Q

Where does the Ampulla of the Vas Deferens occur?

A

Right before it gets to the Seminal vesicle

66
Q

When forms the Ejaculatory duct?

A

The Vas deferens and the seminal vesicle

67
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct form?

A

The prostatic urethra

68
Q

When does the Prostatic urethra become the membranous urethra/

A

When it reaches the bulbourethral gland

69
Q

What are the parietal and visceral region of the testes known as?

A
  • Tunica vaginalis (visceral)

* Tunica vaginalis (parietal)

70
Q

What do the Tunica Vaginalis in the testes do?

A

They are serous membranes that produce serous fluids

71
Q

Why are Testes and Ovaries white?

A

Because of the white coat of Tunica albuginea

72
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea?

A

A white tough connective tissue that surrounds the testes

73
Q

What does the Tunica Albuginea contain?

A

Lots of lymphatics, vasculature, and innervation

74
Q

What separates the Testis into lobules?

A

The Tunica albuginea

75
Q

Which part of the testes produce sperm?

A

Seminiferous tubules

76
Q

Where does sperm go from the seminiferous tubules?

A

To the Rete testis (mediastinum) and then to the Efferent ductules to the epididymis

77
Q

What enters through the mediatinum?

A

Vasculature, innervation and lymphatics

78
Q

What kind of tissue is at the lumen if the seminiferous tubules?

A

Epithelium

79
Q

What are the Seminiferous tubules embedded with?

A

CT with blood, lymph, nerves, and interstitial cells

80
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

Support the production of sperm

81
Q

Where are Sertoli cells found?

A

At the basal membrane of the seminiferous tubules

82
Q

What is Spermatocytogenesis?

A

The differentiation of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes (mitosis)

83
Q

What is Spermiogenesis?

A

Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

84
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

Reduces diploid chromosomal complement of spermatocytes to form four haploid spermatids

85
Q

What are the germ cells of sperm?

A

Spermatogonia

86
Q

Where does the Cytoplasm of sertoli cells span?

A

From the cytoplasm all the way to the basal lumen

87
Q

What do Sertoli Cells do?

A

Support the development of sperm

88
Q

How do Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis?

A
  • Support, protect, nourish spermatogenic cells
  • Phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm
  • Secrete fructose-rich fluid
  • Help maintain necessary testosterone levels
  • Establish blood-testis barrier
89
Q

What do Sertoli cells do in the Blood-Testis barrier?

A

When spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa the body can no longer recognize them and will attack them so the sertoli cells create tight junctions that development of the sperm occurs past the junction

90
Q

What is the final stage of Spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis

91
Q

What occurs in Spermiogenesis?

A

The transformation of round spermatid into asymmetric spermatozoon

92
Q

What changes are made in Spermiogenesis?

A
  • Condensation of nucleus
  • Formation acrosome
  • Development of flagellum
  • Shed of cytoplasm
93
Q

What does the Acrosomal cap do?

A

Protects the Spermatozoon but also has enzymes to get through the ovum

94
Q

What is the tail of the Spermatozoon?

A

Flagellum

95
Q

What cells are found in the Seminiferous tubules?

A

The germ cells, Spermatogonia, and sertoli cells

96
Q

Where are Myoid cells found?

A

In the testes but outside the seminiferous tubules

97
Q

What do Myoid cells do?

A

Contract and push along the sperm towards to epididymis

98
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

Produce testosterone

99
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

Outside the seminiferous tubules in the connective tissue of the testis

100
Q

What does Testosterone do?

A
  • Regulate spermatogenesis
  • Stimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
  • Stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body
  • Influence brain development
101
Q

What regulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

102
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

Stimulates Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis

103
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

104
Q

What does Inhibin released by sertoli cells do?

A

Depresses the anterior pituitary from producing FSH and LH

105
Q

What does the Epididymis have associated with it?

A

A lot of connective tissue

106
Q

Where does the Acrosome become functional?

A

In the epididymis

107
Q

What kind of cells is the Epididymis composed of?

A

Simple epithelium

108
Q

What two types of simple epithelium is the Epididymis composed of?

A
  • Tall ciliated cells

* Short absorptive cells

109
Q

What do the Tall ciliated cells of the Epididymis do?

A

Push sperm along

110
Q

What do the Short absorptive cells of the epididymis do?

A

Absorb everything released by maturing sperm

111
Q

What does the smooth muscle in the epididymis do?

A

Helps push things through during ejaculation

112
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the Vas Deferens have?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

113
Q

Where does the Vas Deferens go?

A

From the scrotum, past the inguinal canal, past the urinary bladder, behind the ureters to get to the seminal vesicle

114
Q

What kind of contractions does the Vas Deferens have?

A

Peristaltic contractions to go against gravity

115
Q

What do the glands of the male reproductive system produce?

A

Seminal fluid

116
Q

What produces most of the seminal fluid?

A

The seminal vesicles

117
Q

What forms part of the seminal fluid?

A

The prostate gland

118
Q

What gland does not form any of the seminal fluid?

A

The bulbourethral gland

119
Q

What does the Bulbourethral gland do?

A

Produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the penile urethra before ejaculation

120
Q

What kind of glands are the ones in the male reproductive system?

A

Exocrine glands mostly

121
Q

What are the characteristics of the seminal fluid produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

It is yellow and has mainly coagulation factors, high fructose

122
Q

What do the coagulation factors produced by the seminal vesicles allow for?

A

It to survive the acidic vaginal canal because it is clumped together

123
Q

What do the high fructose produced by the seminal vesicles allow for?

A

An energy source for sperm to enable movement of sperm towards the ovum

124
Q

What are a lot of the problems with the prostate associated with?

A

It epithelium and connective tissue becoming enlarged blocking the passage of urine and semen

125
Q

which gland contributes 20-30% of seminal fluid?

A

The prostate gland

126
Q

What is the consistency of the secretion of the prostate gland?

A

This and white

127
Q

Which part of the Urethra does the Prostate gland empty?

A

The prostatic urethra

128
Q

What does the secretions of the prostate gland contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

129
Q

What do the Hydrolytic enzymes secreted into the semen by the prostate gland do?

A

Liquify ejaculated clotted semen, release spermatozoa

130
Q

What do the the Bulbourethral glands do?

A

Coat and lubricate the urethra before the passage of sperm

131
Q

What is the composition of the secretions from the Bulbourethral glands?

A

Thick, sticky alkaline to neutralize penile urethra

132
Q

What surrounds the erectile tissue?

A

Tunica albuginea

133
Q

What is Tunica Albuginea in the penis?

A

Fibrous CT with dense collagen bundles permitting extension of erectile tissue

134
Q

What creates a shunt?

A

The Tunica albuginea that pushes against the blood vessels blocking the blood from returning to the body

135
Q

Where does the corpora cavernosa receive blood from?

A

Central arteries

136
Q

Where does the Corpus Spongiosum receive blood from?

A

Arterial blood from surrounding tissues

137
Q

Which muscle is relaxed during E?

A

Smooth muscle are relaxed

138
Q

What causes vasodilation of arteries during E?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

139
Q

What blocks venous outflow during E?

A

The tunica albuginea

140
Q

What happens during shoot?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

141
Q

What do the Glands in the Penile Urethra do?

A

Secrete mucus along the urethra to help with lubrication

142
Q

What kind of tissue does spongy urethra transition between?

A

Urinary (transitional) epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in glands of the penis

Anat (26 decks)

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